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Biology > Chapter 1- The science of biology > Flashcards

Chapter 1- The science of biology Flashcards

1
Q

Biology _______ much of natural science

A

Unifies

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2
Q

_______ _______ are the most complex chemical systems on earth

A

Living systems

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3
Q

Living things are constrained by the properties of _______ and _______

A

Chemistry and physics

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4
Q

Science is becoming more _______

A

Interdisciplinary

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5
Q

7 characteristics of all living things:

A 
Cellular organization 
Ordered complexity 
Sensitivity to environment 
Growth, development, and reproduction 
Energy utilization 
Homeostasis 
Evolutionary adaptation
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6
Q

Living systems show _______ organization

A

Hierarchical

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7
Q

_______ is the basic unit of life

A

Cell

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8
Q

3 things in the cellular level:

A

Atoms, molecules, organelles

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9
Q

3 things in organismal level

A

Tissues, organs, organ systems

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10
Q

2 things in population level:

A

Population, community

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11
Q

Living systems hierarchical order:

A 
Cellular level
Organismal level
Population level 
Ecosystem level 
Biosphere
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12
Q

Each hierarchical level has _______ properties, caused by many interactions occurring at lower levels

A

Emergent

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13
Q

Example of emergent properties

A

Hurricane bc it’s from many interacting meteorological variables

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14
Q

Science aims to understand the natural world through _______ and _______

A

Observation and reasoning

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15
Q

Much of science purely ______

A

Descriptive

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16
Q

_______ uses general principles to make specific predictions
Tests validity of general ideas
A=B and B=C so A=C

A

Deductive

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17
Q

_______ reasoning uses specific observations to develop general conclusions
A mix of 10,000 black and white marbles in a bag

A

Inductive

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18
Q

Scientists use a _______ approach to gain understanding of the natural world

A

Systematic

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19
Q

The systematic approach that scientists use to understand the world

A 
Observation
Hypothesis formation 
Prediction 
Experimentation 
Conclusion
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20
Q

A _______ is a possible explanation for an observation

A

Hypothesis

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21
Q

A hypothesis must be _______to determine its validity

A

Testable

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22
Q

Hypotheses allow for _______ to be made

A

Predictions

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23
Q

The test of a hypothesis

A

Experiment

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24
Q

You must test _______ variable at a time

A

1

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25
Q

Keep the variable of Interest _______ in a control group

A

Constant

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26
Q

You alter the variable of interest in the _______ treatment

A

Experimental

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27
Q

Hypotheses should make _______ that provide a way to test the validity of the hypothesis

A

Predictions

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28
Q

_______ provide a way to test the validity of a hypothesis

A

Predictions

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29
Q

_______ takes a complex process and reduces it down to its supplier function

A

Reductionism

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30
Q

_______ biology examines complex traits that can’t be understood by looking at simpler function individually

A

Systems

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31
Q

_______ provide a way to organize how he think about a problem

A

Models

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32
Q

Models allow you to apply a _______ approach

A

Reductionist

33
Q

_______ can help suggest experiments to test how components work together

A

Models

34
Q

A proposed explanation for some natural phenomenon OR the body of interconnected concepts supported by scientific reasoning and experimental evidence

A

A theory

35
Q

Scientific theory is a body of _______ concepts

A

Interconnected

36
Q

Scientific theory is supported by _______ evidence and _______ reasoning

A

Experimental; scientific

37
Q

The general meaning of _______ implies a lack of knowledge or an educated guess

A

Theory

38
Q

_______ research extends our knowledge of individual processes

A

Basic

39
Q

_______ research involves the interaction of different processes that all for maintenance of homeostasis and production food and others

A

Applied

40
Q

Applied research has foundations  provided by _______ research

A

Basic

41
Q

_______ theory of evolution is an example of how a scientist develops a hypothesis and a theory gains acceptance

A

Darwin’s

42
Q

Darwins theory of _______ explains and describes how organisms on earth have changed over time and acquired a diversity of new forms

A

Evolution

43
Q

Charles Darwin’s famous book

A

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

44
Q

Darwins contribution was a concept he called _______ _______

A

Natural selection

45
Q

In what area did Darwin study?

A

South America

46
Q

In the Galapagos islands, Darwin said the finches experienced _______ _______ _______

A

“Descent with modification”/ evolution

47
Q

Darwin propose to natural selection as a _______ for evolution

A

Mechanism

48
Q

Thomas Malthus said that populations of plants and animals tend to increase _______, while humans are able to increase their food supply only _______ 

A

Geometrically; arithmetically

49
Q

Populations of species remain _______ because death limits population numbers

A

Constant

50
Q

Darwin called the process of animal breeders selecting certain varieties of pigeons and other animals such as dogs to produce certain characteristics _______ _______

A

Artificial selection

51
Q

Artificial selection often produces a great _______ of traits

A

Variation

52
Q

Five evidences of natural selection:

A 
Fossil record
Earths age
Mechanism of heredity
Comparative anatomy
Molecular evidence
53
Q

_______ forms have been found at predicted positions of time in the fossil record

A

Transitional

54
Q

The earth is _______ billion years old

A

4.5

55
Q

What law is the mechanisms for heredity?

A

Mendels laws of inheritance

56
Q

In comparative anatomy, _______ forelimbs all share the same basic array of bones

A

Vertebrate

57
Q

Structures that have the same evolutionary origin but now different structure and function

A

Homologous

58
Q

When structures of different origin are used for the same purpose:

A

Analogous

59
Q

Example of analogous structures:

A

Wings of birds and butterflies, which have similar function but different evolutionary origins

60
Q

Molecular evidence compares _______ or proteins of different organisms

A

Genomes

61
Q

The sequences of all genes

A

Genomes

62
Q

Graphic representation based on tracing origin of particular nucleotide or amino acid changes to reconstruct an evolutionary history

A

Phylogenetic trees

63
Q

Five unifying themes/core concepts in biology

A

Life is subject to chemical and physical laws
Structure determines function
Living systems transform energy and matter
Living systems depend on information transactions
Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life

64
Q

Biological systems follow known chemical properties, such as _______ bonding

A

Molecular

65
Q

Properties of physics, such as _______, or also key determining factors of biological systems

A

Thermodynamics

66
Q

Energy enters environments in 1form, typically as _______ energy, and is transformed by organisms

A

Solar

67
Q

All life constantly requires _______

A

Energy

68
Q

Discrete unit of info in DNA

A

Gene

69
Q

Entire set of DNA (genetic) information

A

Genome

70
Q

Life depends on faithful copying of DNA into _______ cells

A

Daughter

71
Q

Variable _______ expression leads to different cells and tissue types

A

Gene

72
Q

Each DNA molecule is formed by two long chains of building blocks called _______

A

Nucleotides

73
Q

_______ different nucleotides are found in DNA

A

4

74
Q

The sequence in which the _______ in DNA occur encodes information to make and maintain a cell

A

Nucleotides

75
Q

The information stored in DNA is used to direct the _______ of cellular components

A

Synthesis

76
Q

Cells process environmental _______

A

Information

77
Q

Cells in _______ organisms must coordinate with each other (homeostasis)

A

Multicellular

78
Q

All organisms today descended from a

A

Genetic ancestor

79
Q

Underlying unity of biochemistry and genetics argues for the conserved unity of _______

A

Life

Biology (3 decks)

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