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Biology > Chapter 1- The science of biology > Flashcards

Chapter 1- The science of biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Biology _______ much of natural science

A

Unifies

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2
Q

_______ _______ are the most complex chemical systems on earth

A

Living systems

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3
Q

Living things are constrained by the properties of _______ and _______

A

Chemistry and physics

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4
Q

Science is becoming more _______

A

Interdisciplinary

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5
Q

7 characteristics of all living things:

A 
Cellular organization 
Ordered complexity 
Sensitivity to environment 
Growth, development, and reproduction 
Energy utilization 
Homeostasis 
Evolutionary adaptation
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6
Q

Living systems show _______ organization

A

Hierarchical

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7
Q

_______ is the basic unit of life

A

Cell

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8
Q

3 things in the cellular level:

A

Atoms, molecules, organelles

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9
Q

3 things in organismal level

A

Tissues, organs, organ systems

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10
Q

2 things in population level:

A

Population, community

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11
Q

Living systems hierarchical order:

A 
Cellular level
Organismal level
Population level 
Ecosystem level 
Biosphere
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12
Q

Each hierarchical level has _______ properties, caused by many interactions occurring at lower levels

A

Emergent

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13
Q

Example of emergent properties

A

Hurricane bc it’s from many interacting meteorological variables

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14
Q

Science aims to understand the natural world through _______ and _______

A

Observation and reasoning

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15
Q

Much of science purely ______

A

Descriptive

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16
Q

_______ uses general principles to make specific predictions
Tests validity of general ideas
A=B and B=C so A=C

A

Deductive

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17
Q

_______ reasoning uses specific observations to develop general conclusions
A mix of 10,000 black and white marbles in a bag

A

Inductive

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18
Q

Scientists use a _______ approach to gain understanding of the natural world

A

Systematic

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19
Q

The systematic approach that scientists use to understand the world

A 
Observation
Hypothesis formation 
Prediction 
Experimentation 
Conclusion
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20
Q

A _______ is a possible explanation for an observation

A

Hypothesis

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21
Q

A hypothesis must be _______to determine its validity

A

Testable

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22
Q

Hypotheses allow for _______ to be made

A

Predictions

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23
Q

The test of a hypothesis

A

Experiment

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24
Q

You must test _______ variable at a time

A

1

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25
Keep the variable of Interest _______ in a control group
Constant
26
You alter the variable of interest in the _______ treatment
Experimental
27
Hypotheses should make _______ that provide a way to test the validity of the hypothesis
Predictions
28
_______ provide a way to test the validity of a hypothesis
Predictions
29
_______ takes a complex process and reduces it down to its supplier function
Reductionism
30
_______ biology examines complex traits that can’t be understood by looking at simpler function individually
Systems
31
_______ provide a way to organize how he think about a problem
Models
32
Models allow you to apply a _______ approach
Reductionist
33
_______ can help suggest experiments to test how components work together
Models
34
A proposed explanation for some natural phenomenon OR the body of interconnected concepts supported by scientific reasoning and experimental evidence
A theory
35
Scientific theory is a body of _______ concepts
Interconnected
36
Scientific theory is supported by _______ evidence and _______ reasoning
Experimental; scientific
37
The general meaning of _______ implies a lack of knowledge or an educated guess
Theory
38
_______ research extends our knowledge of individual processes
Basic
39
_______ research involves the interaction of different processes that all for maintenance of homeostasis and production food and others
Applied
40
Applied research has foundations  provided by _______ research
Basic
41
_______ theory of evolution is an example of how a scientist develops a hypothesis and a theory gains acceptance
Darwin’s
42
Darwins theory of _______ explains and describes how organisms on earth have changed over time and acquired a diversity of new forms
Evolution
43
Charles Darwin’s famous book
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
44
Darwins contribution was a concept he called _______ _______
Natural selection
45
In what area did Darwin study?
South America
46
In the Galapagos islands, Darwin said the finches experienced _______ _______ _______
“Descent with modification”/ evolution
47
Darwin propose to natural selection as a _______ for evolution
Mechanism
48
Thomas Malthus said that populations of plants and animals tend to increase _______, while humans are able to increase their food supply only _______ 
Geometrically; arithmetically
49
Populations of species remain _______ because death limits population numbers
Constant
50
Darwin called the process of animal breeders selecting certain varieties of pigeons and other animals such as dogs to produce certain characteristics _______ _______
Artificial selection
51
Artificial selection often produces a great _______ of traits
Variation
52
Five evidences of natural selection:
``` Fossil record Earths age Mechanism of heredity Comparative anatomy Molecular evidence ```
53
_______ forms have been found at predicted positions of time in the fossil record
Transitional
54
The earth is _______ billion years old
4.5
55
What law is the mechanisms for heredity?
Mendels laws of inheritance
56
In comparative anatomy, _______ forelimbs all share the same basic array of bones
Vertebrate
57
Structures that have the same evolutionary origin but now different structure and function
Homologous
58
When structures of different origin are used for the same purpose:
Analogous
59
Example of analogous structures:
Wings of birds and butterflies, which have similar function but different evolutionary origins
60
Molecular evidence compares _______ or proteins of different organisms
Genomes
61
The sequences of all genes
Genomes
62
Graphic representation based on tracing origin of particular nucleotide or amino acid changes to reconstruct an evolutionary history
Phylogenetic trees
63
Five unifying themes/core concepts in biology
Life is subject to chemical and physical laws Structure determines function Living systems transform energy and matter Living systems depend on information transactions Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life
64
Biological systems follow known chemical properties, such as _______ bonding
Molecular
65
Properties of physics, such as _______, or also key determining factors of biological systems
Thermodynamics
66
Energy enters environments in 1form, typically as _______ energy, and is transformed by organisms
Solar
67
All life constantly requires _______
Energy
68
Discrete unit of info in DNA
Gene
69
Entire set of DNA (genetic) information
Genome
70
Life depends on faithful copying of DNA into _______ cells
Daughter
71
Variable _______ expression leads to different cells and tissue types
Gene
72
Each DNA molecule is formed by two long chains of building blocks called _______
Nucleotides
73
_______ different nucleotides are found in DNA
4
74
The sequence in which the _______ in DNA occur encodes information to make and maintain a cell
Nucleotides
75
The information stored in DNA is used to direct the _______ of cellular components
Synthesis
76
Cells process environmental _______
Information
77
Cells in _______ organisms must coordinate with each other (homeostasis)
Multicellular
78
All organisms today descended from a
Genetic ancestor
79
Underlying unity of biochemistry and genetics argues for the conserved unity of _______
Life

Biology (3 decks)

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