Chapter 3- The chemical building blocks of life Flashcards
1
Q
The framework of biological molecules consist predominantly of _______ atoms bonded to other _______ atoms or to atoms of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus
A
Carbon
2
Q
Because carbon atoms can form up to _______ covalent bonds, molecules containing carbon can form straight chains, branches, or even rings, balls, tubes, and coils
A
4
3
Q
Molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen are called _______
A
Hydrocarbon
4
Q
Because the oxidation of hydrocarbon compounds results in a net release of energy, hydrocarbons make good _______
A
Fuels
5
Q
OH is called a _______ group
A
Hydroxyl
6
Q
Are hydrocarbons polar or nonpolar?
A
Nonpolar
7
Q
Organic molecules having the same molecular or empirical formula can exist in different forms called _______
A
Isomers
8
Q
If there are differences in the actual structure of an isomers carbon skeleton, they are called _______ _______
A
Structural isomers
9
Q
A form of an isomer that has the same carbon skeleton but differs in how The groups attached to this skeleton are arranged in space
A
Stereoisomers
10
Q
A subcategory of stereoisomers, called _______, are actually mirror images of each other
A
Enantiomers
11
Q
A molecule that has mirror image versions it’s called a _______ molecule 
A
Chiral
12
Q
Two examples of enantiomers
A
D sugars and L amino acids
13
Q
Biological macromolecules are traditionally grouped into what 4 things?
A
Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids
14
Q
A long molecule built by linking together a large number of small, similar chemical subunits called monomers
A
Polymers
15
Q
The nature of a polymer is determined by its constituent _______
A
Monomers
16
Q
Nucleic acids are polymers of _______, and proteins are polymers of _______ _______
A
Nucleotides; amino acids
17
Q
Polymers are built through _______ reactions and broken down by _______ reaction
A
Dehydration; hydrolysis
18
Q
The process of positioning and stressing, termed _______, is carried out within cells by enzymes
A
Catalysis
19
Q
In this reaction, hydrogen atom is attached to one subunit and a hydroxyl group to the other, breaking the covalent bond joining the subunits
A
Hydrolysis
20
Q
_______ can distinguish structural and stereoisomeric difference of the sugars
A
Enzymes
21
Q
_______ groups have definite chemical properties that they retain no matter where they occur
A
Functional
22
Q
Chemical reactions involve the formation or breaking of chemical _______
A
Bonds
23
Q
Lipids are macromolecules formed through _______ synthesis
A
Dehydration
24
Q
Formation of large molecules by the loss of water
A
Dehydration synthesis
25
Breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water 
Hydrolysis
26
The extent of the chemical reaction is influenced by what three factors?
Temperature, concentration of reactants and products, catalysts 
27
Molecules with a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Carbohydrates
28
Because carbohydrates contain many carbon hydrogen bonds, which releases energy when they are rearranged, they are well suited for _______ storage
Energy
29
The simplest of carbohydrates are _______
Monosaccharides
30
The most important 6-carbon sugar used for energy storage is _______
Glucose
31
Glucose can exist in and two different forms, _______ and _______
Alpha and beta
32
Enzymes can distinguish structural and stereo isomeric _______ of the sugars
Difference
33
Glucose can be linear or two different _______ configuration
Ring
34
_______ is a structural isomer that differs in the position of the carbonyl carbon
Fructose
35
_______ is a stereoisomer that differs in the position of -OH and -H groups relative to the ring
Galactose
36
Transport forms of sugars are commonly made by linking two monosaccharides together to form _______
Disaccharides
37
Disaccharides serve as effective reservoirs of _______ bc the enzymes that normally use glucose in an organism cannot break the bond linking the two monosaccharides subunits 
Glucose
38
When glucose forms a disaccharide with the structural isomer fructose, the resulting disaccharide is _______, or table sugar
Fructose
39
_______ is the form most plants use to transport glucose and is the sugar that most animals and humans eat
Sucrose
40
When glucose is linked to the stereoisomer galactose, the resulting disaccharide is _______, or milk sugar
Lactose
41
_______ are longer polymers made up of monosaccharides that have been joined through dehydration reactions
Polysaccharides
42
_______, a storage polysaccharide, consists entirely of alpha glucose molecules linked in long chains
Starch
43
_______, a structural polysaccharide, also consists of glucose molecules linked in chains but these molecules are beta glucose
Cellulose
44
Polysaccharides are two monosaccharides linked by _______ synthesis
Dehydration
45
Organisms store the metabolic energy Contained in monosaccharides by converting them into disaccharides, such as _______
Maltose
46
The starch with the simplest structure is _______
Amylose
47
The long chains of amylose tend to _______ up in water, a property that renders amylose insoluble
Coil
48
Most plant starch is a somewhat more complicated variant of amylose called _______
Amylopectin
49
The comparable to starch in animals is _______
Glycogen
50
_______ is an insoluble polysaccharide that contains branched amylose chains and has a much longer average chain length and more branches than plant starch 
Glycogen
51
Cellulose is a polymer of _______ glucose
Beta
52
_______ is the chief component of plant cell walls
Cellulose
53
The starch-hydrolyzing enzymes that occur in most organisms cannot break the bond between two beta glucose units because they only recognize _______ glucose linkages
Alpha
54
Cellulose cannot be broken down by most animals, which is why it is mainly used for structural purposes, but some animals are able to use it in their _______ tract
Digestive
55
The structural material found in arthropods and many fungi 
Chitin
56
When cross-linked by proteins, it forms a tough, resistance surface material that serves as the hard exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans
Chitin
57
The biochemical activity of a cell depends on production of a large number of _______, each with a specific sequence
Proteins
58
2 main varieties of nuclei acids are:
Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid
59
Genetic info is stored in _______ while RNA plays a variety of roles in the cell, including as short lived copies of genetic info used to direct synthesis of proteins
DNA;RNA
60
Nucleus acids are able to serve as templates for producing precise _______ of themselves; this allows genetic info to be preserved during cell division and reproduction
Copies
61
As a carrier of info, the form of RNA called _______ RNA consists of transcribed single stranded copies of portions of the DNA
Messenger
62
_______ RNA serves as the blueprint for specifying the amino acid sequences of proteins
Messenger
63
Nucleic acids consist of long polymers of repeating subunits called _______
Nucleotides
64
Each nucleotide consists of three components:
A 5-carbon sugar
A phosphate group
A nitrogenous base
65
Nucleotides have 5 types of nitrogenous bases:
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine (DNA only)
Uracil (RNA only)
66
_______ are formed by joining the phosphate of 1 nucleotide to a hydroxyl group of the sugar of another nucleotide in a dehydration reaction
Polynucleotides
67
A _______ _______ is a chain of 5-carbon sugars linked together by phosphodiester bonds with a nitrogenous base protruding from each sugar
Nucleic acid
68
A spiral shape is called a _______
Helix
69
A helix composed of 2 chains is called a _______ _______
Double helix
70
Adenine pairs with _______(DNA) or _______(RNA)
Thymine; uracil
71
Cytosine pairs with _______
Guanine
72
DNA contains _______ information for amino acid sequence of proteins
Coding
73
tRNA is:
Transfer RNA
74
mRNA is:
Messenger RNA
75
rRNA is:
Ribosomal RNA
76
The energy currency of the cell
Adenosine triphosphate(ATP)
77
Cells use the energy released by breaking down food molecules to synthesize _______
ATP
78
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD) molecules function as _______ carriers in a variety of cellular processes
Electron
79
_______ are the most diverse group of macromolecules, both chemically and functionally
Proteins
80
Proteins are composed of long, unbranched chains of _______ _______
Amino acids
81
Each chain of _______ is a polypeptide of varying amino acid length
Protein
82
7 main biological functions of proteins:
Enzymes catalysis
Defense
Transport
Support
Motion
Regulation
Storage
83
Most _______ are 3 dimensional globular proteins that fit snugly around the molecules they act on
Enzymes
84
The transport protein, _______, transports oxygen in the blood
Hemoglobin
85
Protein fibers play _______ roles like keratin in hair, fibrin in blood clots, and collagen
Structural
86
Muscles contract through the sliding motions of 2 kinds of protein filaments: _______ and _______
Actin;myosin
87
Calcium and iron are stored in the body by binding as ions to storage _______
Proteins
88
The specific _______ of amino acids determines the proteins structure and function
Order
89
The unique character of each amino acid is determined by the nature of the _____ group
R
90
The amino and carboxyl groups on a pair of amino acids can undergo a dehydration reaction to form a _______ bond
Covalent
91
The covalent bond that links to amino acids is called a _______ bond
Peptide
92
Peptide bonds are not free to _______ because of the partial double bond
Rotate
93
The bond that forms when amino acids are joined by dehydration synthesis:
Peptide
94
The bond that is formed between the amino end(N) and carboxyl end(C) of each amino acids
Peptide
95
An unbranched chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds is called a _______
Polypeptide
96
If a polypeptide can fold into a structure with some function, such as the antimicrobial enzyme lysozyme in your saliva, we also call it a _______
Protein
97
X-rays can be passed through a crystal of _______ to produce a diffraction pattern
Protein
98
What are the four levels of hierarchy in proteins?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
99
The _______ structure of a protein is its amino acid sequence
Primary
100
The _______ structure of proteins can fold into a pleated sheet or turn into a helix
Primary
101
The two kinds of ______ structures and proteins create regions of the proteins that are cylindrical and planar
Secondary
102
Interactions between the amino acids a variable group create _______ structures
Secondary
103
Helix= ______ spiral
Coiled
104
Sheet= _______ structure
Planar
105
The final folded 3D shape of a globular protein is called its _______ structure
Tertiary
106
_______ structure contains regions that have secondary structure determines how these are further arranged in space to produce the overall structure
Tertiary
107
When proteins are unfolded, they are being _______
Denatured
108
Protein structure that is an interaction of individual protein trend to create proteins with two or more polypeptide chains
Quaternary
109
Common elements of secondary structure interacting with each other
Motifs
110
Functional units within a larger protein, are usually made of different motifs
Domains
111
_______ proteins have the ability to company protein on its path to a properly fold and state
Chaperone
112
Improper folding of proteins can result in _______
Disease
113
Chaperone proteins are extremely _______, unlike most proteins
Flexible
114
If a proteins environment is altered, protein may change shape or unfold completely, which is called _______
Denaturation
115
Denatured proteins are usually biologically _______ 
Inactive
116
For proteins with quaternary structure, the subunits may be _______ without losing their individual tertiary structure, not to be confused with denaturation 
Disassociated
117
_______ are a somewhat loosely defined group of molecules with one main chemical characteristic: they are insoluble in water
Lipids
118
Lipids have a high proportion of nonpolar C—H bonds, which causes the molecule to be _______
Hydrophobic
119
Examples of lipids:
Fats, oils, waxes, and even some vitamins
120
How many lipids are built from a simple skeleton made up of two main kinds of molecules: _______ _______ and _______
Fatty acids; glycerol
121
_______ are composed of one glycerol and three fatty acids
Triglycerides
122
The three fatty acids of a triglyceride do not need to be _______
Identical
123
The chain _______ of a fatty acid varies 
Length
124
A _______ fat has no double bonds between carbon atoms
Saturated
125
The type of fat that has a higher melting point and an animal origin:
Saturated
126
_______ fat has one or more double bonds
Unsaturated
127
The type of fat that has a low melting point and a plant origin:
Unsaturated
128
Steroids, another class of lipid, are composed of _______ carbon rings 
4
129
_______ are excellent energy storage molecules
Fats
130
The basic structure of a phospholipid includes three kinds of subunits:
Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group
131
The _______ molecule can be thought of as having a polar head at one end and two long, very nonpolar tails at the other
Phospholipid
132
_______ are lipid molecules oriented with polar head toward water and nonpolar tails away from water
Micelles
133
Lipid bilayers are the basic framework of biological _______
Membranes
134
Hydrophilic heads(polar) point _______ associated with water(nonpolar)
Outward
135
Hydrophobic tails(nonpolar) point _______ toward each other
Inward
