Chapter 1: The Science of Human Development

Question 1

Lifespan development

Answer 1

the changes and stability that happens between birth and death

Question 2

The major periods of lifespan development

Answer 2

1- prenatal period
2- infant and toddler years
3- early childhood
4- middle childhood
5- adolescence
6- early adulthood
7- middle adulthood
8- late adulthood

Question 3

The prenatal period

Answer 3

the period before birth; plays an important role in later development, influencing health and psychological development

Question 4

The infant and toddler years

Answer 4

the first two and a half years; begin to move on their own

Question 5

Early childhood

Answer 5

years between 2 1/2 and 6; manage their own behavior and emotions

Question 6

Middle childhood

Answer 6

the period between 6 and 12; making friends and excelling in school

Question 7

Adolescence

Answer 7

the period between 11 or 12 to young adult

Question 8

Early adulthood

Answer 8

from about 18 to 30

Question 9

Middle adulthood

Answer 9

lasting from 30s to 60s; longest stage; establishes an independent identity

Question 10

Late adulthood

Answer 10

from around 60s to 80s to death

Question 11

Developmental science

Answer 11

the systematic study of how humans grow and the underlying processes that create change over time

Question 12

Developmental science is both

Answer 12

interdisciplinary and international

Question 13

The Domains of development

Answer 13

1- physical development
2- cognitive development
3- social development

Question 14

Physical development

Answer 14

how people’s bodies change and the impact of health on well-being

Question 15

Cognitive Development

Answer 15

how our thinking and reasoning abilities change overtime

Question 16

Social development

Answer 16

how we relate to other people, including family, romantic partners, and community

Question 17

John Locke

Answer 17

(1632-1704); child as “blank slate”

Question 18

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Answer 18

(1712-1778); child is born good but corrupted by the world

Question 19

Ibn al-Haytham

Answer 19

(late 1500s); espoused rigorous experimental study; adapted by European scientists into scientific methods

Question 20

Mid-1800s and beyond

Answer 20

foundations for modern disciplines developed

Question 21

Context

Answer 21

refers to the broad external factors that surround each of us

Question 22

Bioecological model

Answer 22

describes the environments that affect development as being organized into a series of nested systems

Question 23

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory of Development

Answer 23

• macrosystem
• exosystem
• mesosystem
• microsystem
• the individual (person)

Question 24

Macrosystem

Answer 24

attitudes and ideologies of the culture

Question 25

Exosystem

Answer 25

includes the institutions that structure our community, such as media and governmental institutions

Question 26

Mesosystem

Answer 26

the interactions of the various systems

Question 27

Microsystem

Answer 27

the closest people and institutions that influence a person's life include family, friends, school, as well as healthcare providers

Question 28

The individual (person)

Answer 28

- sex - age - health

Question 29

Adaptive culture

Answer 29

- traditions - legacies - histories

Question 30

Competencies

Answer 30

- communicative - cognitive - coping skills

Question 31

Family

Answer 31

- structure - beliefs - socioeconomic status

Question 32

Environmental institutions

Answer 32

- schools - neighborhoods - health care systems

Question 33

Individual characteristics

Answer 33

- personality - health - physical

Question 34

Culture

Answer 34

the ideas, beliefs, and social practices that a group of people shares

Question 35

Yosso's Community cultural wealth

Answer 35

skills and abilities to navigate social institutions; includes areas of strength and resilience

Question 36

Forms of cultural strength that contribute to resilience

Answer 36

- aspirational capital - linguistic capital - familial capital - social capital - navigational capital - resistant capital

Question 37

Aspirational capital

Answer 37

the ability to maintain hopes and dreams

Question 38

Linguistic capital

Answer 38

refers to communication skills

Question 39

Familial capital

Answer 39

a sense of togetherness, caring, and connection, bringing together a community's memories and cultural knowledge

Question 40

Social capital

Answer 40

networks of peers and other social contacts that provide support for navigating society

Question 41

Navigational capital

Answer 41

skills for maneuvering through social institutions that were not typically created for diverse communities to have a history of structural exclusion

Question 42

Resistant capital

Answer 42

knowledge and skills developed in practices that challenge inequality and subordination

Question 43

Plasticity

Answer 43

the idea that human development is moldable, like plastic, by experience

Question 44

4 major themes pervade developmental science

Answer 44

1- each person's development is a complex interaction between them and the world 2- the process of development is universal but also unique to each person 3- culture and community context are critical 4- change is constant

Question 45

nature

Answer 45

the influence of genetics on development

Question 46

nurture

Answer 46

the influence of experience on development

Question 47

birth cohorts

Answer 47

the categories that experts use to group people from different generations

Question 48

intersectionality

Answer 48

refers to the fact that we all have multiple, intersecting cultural identities

Question 49

cultural humility

Answer 49

openness to cultural diversity and a self-awareness of your own cultural background

Question 50

developmental niche

Answer 50

a person's cultural environment, material setting, and beliefs of their family

Question 51

ethnotheories

Answer 51

parents' ideas or beliefs about children's development

Question 52

independent communities

Answer 52

communities that value individual rights (also known as autonomy)

Question 53

individualistic communities

Answer 53

communities that have strong traditions of valuing the individual over larger groups, communities, or families

Question 54

collectivist communities

Answer 54

communities that place more value on relatedness and closeness and tend to value the family or the group over the individual

Question 55

maturation

Answer 55

the genetically programmed growth that drives many aspects of development

Question 56

sensitive periods

Answer 56

the times in the lifespan when growth is particularly responsive to input from the world

Question 57

continuous growth

Answer 57

a model of change that is relatively constant and stable

Question 58

discontinuous growth

Answer 58

a model of change that is more irregular and unstable, happening in sprints and pauses

Question 59

discontinuous growth can happen in discrete ___________ where development changes dramatically

Answer 59

stages

Question 60

epigenetics

Answer 60

area of study that examines characteristics changed by the environment

Question 61

resilience

Answer 61

ability to bounce back and recover despite difficult times