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(Biology 211) Cellular Biology > Chapter 1 - The Study of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - The Study of Life Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scientific method

A

Method at research with defined steps that include careful observation and expirement

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2
Q

Conducting repeatable expirement is easy for biology, physics, chemistry but hard for what?

A

Social sciences like psychology or sociology

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3
Q

A hypothesis may become a verified theory which is what?

A

A confirmed explanation for an observation or phenomena

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4
Q

What are natural sciences?

A

They are fields of science related to the physical world and it’s phenomena (bio, Chem, Phys, astronomy)

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5
Q

Natural sciences are divided into what?

A

Life sciences - study of living things

Physical sciences - study of non living things

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6
Q

What is interdisciplinary sciences?

A

A scientific study that combines the likes from a few different fields of study examples are biochemistry, and biophysics

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7
Q

What type of data do natural sciences rely on? What type of data does social science rely on?

A

Natural sciences rely on quantitative data while social sciences rely on qualitative data

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8
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

A type of reasoning that uses specific, related observations to arrive at a general conclusion

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9
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

A type of reasoning that is used in hypothesis based science, it uses general principles or laws to forecast specific results

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10
Q

The scientific method starts with…

A

Observations (or problems) and leads to a question

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11
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A suggested explanation that you can test

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12
Q

A hypothesis must be…

A

Testable and falsifiable, that is expiremental results can disprove it - opponents to disproving ideas seperates science apart from non science

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13
Q

What must an expirement have?

A

1 or more variables and 1 or more controls

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14
Q

What are variables?

A

Parts of the experiment that can change

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15
Q

What are controls?

A

They contain every feature of the experiment except for the manipulation the researcher hypothesis’s, therefore if there is a differ in results it must be due to the hypothesis

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16
Q

When does the scientific method reject a hypothesis?

A

When it is inconsistent with the experimental data

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17
Q

What is the difference between basic science and applied science?

A

Basic science seeks to expand knowledge, not focused on producing a product or service

Applied science aims to solve real world problems

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18
Q

When reporting scientific work what must be done? List as many as possible

A
  • scientific findings must be shared with other researchers
  • communication with peers is vital
  • results presented in peer reviewed manuscripts
  • results must be significant, original, logical, thorough, and consistent
  • scientific writing must be brief, concise, accurate, succinct but detailed
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19
Q

What is a peer reviewed manuscript?

A

A manuscript that is reviewed by qualified individuals for publications or grants

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20
Q

Sections of a scientific paper (lab report) include…

A

Introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, and an abstract or a references section may also be included

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21
Q

What does an introduction have in a scientific paper?

A

It has brief but broad background information and includes rationale and justification for work - this is where hypothesis or problem is stated, publications used are also listed here

22
Q

What does materials and methods have in a scientific paper?

A

A complete and accurate description of substances, methods, and techniques used, also how measurements and calculations were done

23
Q

What does the results section of a scientific paper include?

A

A simple narrative on the findings without any interpretations and included tables and graphs

24
Q

What does the discussion section of a scientific paper include?

A

Interpretation of results, description of how variables may be related, attempt to explain observations, references to citations do previous work should be included and an overall conclusion that summarizes the importance of the work, may also suggest further research

25
Q

Organisms respond to stimulus, plants bending towards light is known as what?

A

Chemotaxis - bacteria moves toward or away form chemicals

26
Q

How do single celled organisms divide?

A

They duplicate their DNA and split into 2

27
Q

How do multicellular organisms reproduce?

A

By producing specialized structures such as oocytes and sperm the union of which produce a new individual, genes are passed along through this process within a species

28
Q

What ensures that the young exhibit the same general characteristics as their parents?

A

Genes

29
Q

In terms of regulatory mechanisms what does blood do in animals?

A

It’s flow transports oxygen, nutrients, removes waste, and cools the body

30
Q

What is homeostasis referring to in organisms?

A

The ability to maintain constant internal conditions within narrow ranges despite environmental changes

31
Q

What is the diversity of life on earth a result of?

A

Natural selection acting on genetic polymorphism in lineages over long periods of time

32
Q

From small to large list the levels of organization of living things

A

-Atom
-molecule
-macromolecule
-organelles
-cells
-tissues
-organs
-organ systems
-organism
-populations
-community
-ecosystem
-biosphere

33
Q

What is the most fundamental unit of matter

A

An atom

34
Q

What is a molecule

A

A chemical structure of atleast 2 atoms held by chemical bonds

35
Q

What are macromolecules

A

A molecule containing a very large number of atoms

36
Q

What are organelles?

A

Aggregates of macromolecules surrounded by membranes, cellular structures that carry out vital functions (mitochondria, chloroplasts)

37
Q

What are cells?

A

The smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in a living organisms, all living things are comprised of cells

Sole organisms are only made of 1 cell (bacteria, Protozoa)

38
Q

What are cells classified as? Describe both of the classifications

A

Either eukaryotes of prokaryotes

Eukaryotes - have membranes bound organelles and a membrane bound nucleus

Prokaryotes - are single celled organisms that do not have a membrane bound nucleus or organelles

39
Q

What are tissues?

A

Cells with similar functions grouped together

40
Q

What are organs?

A

Collections of tissues grouped together for a common function

41
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Functionally related organs

42
Q

What is an organism?

A

An individual living entity

43
Q

What are populations?

A

All the individuals of a species in a specific area

44
Q

What is a community?

A

The sum of populations living in a specific area

45
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

All living and non living parts of a particular area with dynamic functions of energy flow and nutrient recycling

46
Q

What is a biosphere?

A

All of the earths ecosystems

47
Q

What is the source of the diversity of life?

A

Evolution

48
Q

What summarizes the various forms of life?

A

A phylogenetic tree

49
Q

What are the 3 main lineages of life called the domains of life? All share homologous features

A

Bacteria
Eukarya
Archaea

50
Q

5 main branches based on physical features and feeding behavior and are not considered lineages (non-homologous)

A

Plants
Animals
Fungi
Protists
Bacteria

51
Q

7-8 total properties of life?

A

Order, sensitivity, reproduction, adaption, growth and development, regulation/homeostasis, energy processing, and evolution

(Biology 211) Cellular Biology (12 decks)

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