Chapter 1: themes of biology

Question 1

Biology is…

Answer 1

the scientific study of life

Question 2

An organism’s adaptations to its environment are the result of…

Answer 2

evolution

Question 3

evolution is…

Answer 3

the process of change that has transformed life on earth

Question 4

Life defies a…

Answer 4

simple one sentence definition

Question 5

Life is recognized by…

Answer 5

what living things can do

Question 6

Life is characterized by..

Answer 6

Order
Evolutionary Adaptation
Response to the environment
Reproduction
Growth and development
Energy processing
Regulation

Question 7

Themes do what?

Answer 7

connect the concepts of biology

Question 8

Theme 1

___ makes sense of everything we know about living organisms

Answer 8

Evolution

Question 9

Organisms living on earth are…

Answer 9

modified descendants of common ancestors

Question 10

Phylogenetic Tree of LIfe has 3 main branches…

Answer 10

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryota

Question 11

Theme 2

New properties emerge at each level in the ___

Answer 11

biological hierarchy

Question 12

Life can be studied at different levels from…

Answer 12

molecules to the entire living planet

Question 13

broad levels of the biological hierarchy

Answer 13

the biosphere
ecosystems
communities
populations
organisms

Question 14

specific levels of the biological hierarchy

Answer 14

organs and organ systems
tissues
cells
organelles
atoms & molecules

Question 15

Theme 3

organisms ___ with their environments, exchanging matter and energy

Answer 15

interact

Question 16

biotic

Answer 16

factoring in living organisms

Question 17

abiotic

Answer 17

factoring in the nonliving

Question 18

The dynamics of an ecosystem include two major processes…

Answer 18

Cycling of nutrients - in which materials acquired by plants eventually return to the soil

The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to consumers

Question 19

The energy exchange between an organism and it’s environment often involves…

Answer 19

energy transformations

some energy is released to the surroundings as heat

Question 20

energy flows through an ecosystem usually…

Answer 20

entering as light and exiting as heat

Question 21

Theme 4

___ are correlated at all levels of biological organization

Answer 21

structure and function

example: flat leaves allow more surface area to absorb sunlight

Question 22

Theme 5

___ are an organism’s basic units of structure and function

Answer 22

Cells

Question 23

The cell is the lowest level of organization that can

Answer 23

perform all activities required for life

Question 24

All cells are…

All cells use…

Answer 24

are enclosed by a membrane

use DNA as their genetic information

Question 25

A eukaryotic cell has...

Answer 25

membrane enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nuclues. other organelles are located in the cytoplasm. (examples: plants, animals)

Question 26

A prokaryotic cell is...

Answer 26

simpler and usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane enclosed organelles (examples: bacteria)

Question 27

Theme 6 | The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of ___

Answer 27

DNA

Question 28

DNA is...

Answer 28

(deoxyribonucleic acid) is the heritable material that directs cells activities

Question 29

DNA is the substance of genes...

Answer 29

(units of inheritance that transmit info from parents to offspring)

Question 30

Genes are organized onto...

Answer 30

chromosomes

Question 31

DNA is found in...

Answer 31

mostly the nucleus (nuclear DNA) but a small amount is also found in the mitochondria (mitochondrial DNA)

Question 32

An organism's genome is...

Answer 32

it's entire set of genetic instructions

Question 33

DNA is transcribed into...

Answer 33

RNA then translated into a protein

Question 34

Theme 7 | ___ regulate biological systems

Answer 34

feedback mechanisms

Question 35

Enzymes do what...

Answer 35

catalyze or speed up chemical reactions in cells

Question 36

many biological processes are...

Answer 36

self regulating through feedback mechanisms

Question 37

negative feedback means...

Answer 37

that as more of an end product accumulates, the process that creates it slows and less of the product is produced (example: body temperature regulation)

Question 38

positive feedback means...

Answer 38

that as more of an end product accumulates, the process that creates it speeds up and more of the product is produced (example: labor contractions)

Question 39

The core theme

Answer 39

evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life

Question 40

Approximately how many species have been identified to date?

Answer 40

1.8 million species

Question 41

the total estimate of species that actually exist range from?

Answer 41

10 to 100 million

Question 42

Taxonomy is..

Answer 42

the branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of increasing breadth

Question 43

Taxonomy from broadest to narrowest...

Answer 43

``` Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species ```

Question 44

The three domains of life

Answer 44

bacteria > (prokaryotes) archaea Eukarya (eukaryotic organisms)

Question 45

Eukarya includes three multicellular kingdoms.... and one unicellular...

Answer 45

Plantae Fungi Animalia Protists (unicellular)

Question 46

DNA is the...

Answer 46

universal genetic language common to all organisms

Question 47

Unity in the diversity of life is...

Answer 47

evident in many features in cell structure

Question 48

Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859

Answer 48

Darwin made two main points: ​ Species showed evidence of “descent with modification” from common ancestors​ Natural selection is the mechanism behind “descent with modification”

Question 49

the environment “selects” for the

Answer 49

propagation of beneficial traits

Question 50

Natural selection results in

Answer 50

the adaptation of organisms to their environment

Question 51

There are two main types of scientific inquiry:

Answer 51

discovery science and hypothesis-based science​

Question 52

Discovery Science describes

Answer 52

natural structures and processes This approach is based on observation and the analysis of data

Question 53

Data are

Answer 53

recorded observations or items of information

Question 54

Data fall into two categories​

Answer 54

Quantitative, or recorded measurements, which are sometimes organized into tables and graphs​ Qualitative, or descriptions rather than measurements​

Question 55

Observations can lead us to ask questions and propose hypothetical explanations called

Answer 55

hypotheses

Question 56

A hypothesis is a

Answer 56

tentative answer to a well-framed question​ A scientific hypothesis leads to predictions that can be tested by observation or experimentation​

Question 57

Deductive reasoning uses

Answer 57

general premises to make specific predictions​ For example, if organisms are made of cells (premise 1), and humans are organisms (premise 2), then humans are composed of cells (deductive prediction)

Question 58

A hypothesis must be

Answer 58

testable and falsifiable

Question 59

Failure to falsify a hypothesis does

Answer 59

not prove that hypothesis​ For example, you replace your flashlight bulb, and it now works; this supports the hypothesis that your bulb was burnt out, but does not prove it (perhaps the first bulb was inserted incorrectly)

Question 60

In the context of science, a theory is:​

Answer 60

Broader in scope than a hypothesis​ can lead to new testable hypotheses​ Supported by a large body of evidence in comparison to a hypothesis

Question 61

The goal of science is to

Answer 61

understand natural phenomena​

Question 62

The goal of technology is to

Answer 62

apply scientific knowledge for some specific purpose