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Pharmacology > Chapter 1 - Veterinary Pharmacology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Veterinary Pharmacology Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Pharmacology

A

The study of how drugs behave in the body

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2
Q

Clinical Pharmacology / Therapeutics

A

Applying pharmacology to specific treatments

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3
Q

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs)

A

A broader term that includes any adverse reaction either within the therapeutic range (i.e side effect) or as the result of toxic accumulation of the drug.

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4
Q

What are the 4 rules to live by for safe drug usage?

A
  • All drugs are poisons
  • No drug is a silver bullet
  • All doses are guesses
  • Complacency kills
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5
Q

Chemical name

A

The chemical composition or molecular structure of a drug (mostly used by chemists and pharmacologists)

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6
Q

Nonproprietary / Generic Name

A

A more concise name given to the specific chemical compound (aspirin, acetaminophen, amoxicillin)

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7
Q

Proprietary / Trade / Brand Name

A

A unique name a manufacturer gives its particular brand of drug

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8
Q

Generic Equivalents

A

Drugs produced or marketed by companies other than the original “brand” developer

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9
Q

When a company develops a new drug and has FDA approval, that company has exclusive rights to manufacture this drug for how many years?

A

In the USA it is 20 years

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10
Q

After the length of time it takes to get a new drug on the market (waiting for a patent), approximately how long will the company have exclusive rights to manufacture their drug?

A

About 7-12 years

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11
Q

United States Adopted Names Council (USAN)

A

The body that selects generic drug names

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12
Q

World Health Organization (WHO)

A

Checks any USAN council names to make sure the selected name isn’t too similar to another drug name used in another country.

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13
Q

FDAs Office of Postmarketing Drug Risk Assessment

A

Makes sure that the trade name doesn’t sound like any other trade name and that the trade name doesn’t try to convey what the drug claims to do

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14
Q

Extract

A

A therapeutic agent composed of specially prepared plant or animal parts rather than synthesized chemicals in a laboratory

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15
Q

Bioequivalence

A

Defined by the FDA as meaning that an equivalent amount of generic drug is absorbed and delivered to the target site within the body compared with the original brant or parent drug (80-125%)

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16
Q

Nutraceuticals (nutritional supplements)

A

Extracts that are not required to be registered with the FDA - potency of different batches of drug extract may vary. Less expensive, but may not provide a consistent clinical response

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17
Q

OTC drugs

A

Drugs available for anyone to purchase without a prescription from a doctor

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18
Q

List 3 Veterinary OTC drugs

A
  • Vitamins
  • Flea products for use on the surface of the skin
  • Dietary supplements
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19
Q

Legend Drugs

A

Contain ingredients that require greater control of dispensing either because of their toxic effects, potential to be abused or diverted as an illegal substance, or the potential to do harm to the patient or person handling the drug. Limited to dispensing by or upon the order of a licensed prescriber (Vet or Physician)

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20
Q

Veterinary Client Patient Relationship (VCPR)

A

Legally meaning that the Veterinarian has examined or has adequate medical knowledge of the patient and has agreed to resume responsibility for Veterinary care of the patient

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21
Q

Dosage Form

A

The description of its physical appearance (typically included in the description and label of the drug)

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22
Q

Name the 3 dosage forms

A

Solid, Liquid, Semisolid

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23
Q

Name 2 solid dosage form examples

A

Tablets, capsules

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24
Q

Name 2 liquid dosage forms

A

Syrups, suspensions, liniments

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25
Name 2 semisolid dosage forms
Gels, ointments, creams, pastes
26
Tablets
Created by compressing powdered active ingredients and other inert ingredients together to form disc-shaped dosage forms
27
Excipients
Inert ingredients added to active ingredients that help the tablet perform as it is intended (binders, disintegrants, diluents, flavors, colors)
28
True or False: Tablets are the same as pills
FALSE.
29
Caplet
Solid tablets pressed into an oblong/elongated dosage form roughly similar in shape to a capsule (the elongated form is to facilitate swallowing)
30
Molded Tablets
Active ingredient drug in a powdered for mixed with lactulose, sucrose, or dextrose and a flavoring agent to encourage the patient to chew the soft tablet
31
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Has responsibility for pesticides as part of its charge to protect the environment
32
Enteric Coating
Designed to protect the active ingredient from the harsh acidic environment of the stomach by not allowing the tablet to dissolve until it reaches the more alkaline environment of the small intestine
33
Controlled Release Coatings/Sustained Release Drugs
Slow the rate at which the tablet dissolves as the tablet moves along the intestinal tract
34
A medium-sized dogs GI tract is around _______ feet
13 feet long
35
A cats GI tract is typically between ___ to ___ feet long
5 to 6 feet long
36
The average human GI tract is ______ feet long
22 feet long
37
Capsules/Gel Caps
Powdered drug surrounded by a capsule made of gelatin, modified starch, or cellulose
38
Lozenge/Troche
Incorporates the drug into a hard, candy-like tablet like those found in human cough drops
39
Suppositories
Dosage forms designed to be placed in the rectum where they dissolve and release drug, which is then absorbed across the intestinal wall of the rectum
40
Solution
A drug completely dissolved in a clear liquid medium
41
Liquid medium (in a solution)
Water, alcohol, or other liquid into which the drug is capable of dissolving (equivalent in chemistry to the solvent)
42
Suspensions
Cloudy, opaque liquids in which the drug has been suspended in the liquid medium but has not been completely dissolved
43
Aqueous Solution
Has a water medium in which the drug has been dissolved
44
Soluble
Able to be dissolved
45
Syrups
Drugs dissolved in a liquid sugar solution (designed to mask the unpleasant taste of the active ingredient and to act as a preservative)
46
Xylitol
An artificial sweetener, if ingested by dogs, causes a massive release of insulin, which causes a hypoglycemic crisis or damages the liver, possibly resulting in death.
47
Tinctures/Elixirs
Alcohol-based solutions used for oral or topical application
48
Insoluble
Unable to be dissolved in water (many drugs are insoluble)
49
Emulsion
A liquid suspension composed of two liquids that do not readily mix together (one liquid is suspended in a second liquid)
50
Lotions
Emulsions of oil and water plus additional ingredients that help keep the two liquid layers from separating
51
Liniments
Always applied topically to the skin - can be liquid dosage forms that may be an emulsion, a solution, or a suspension
52
Ointments/Creams
Can be either suspensions or solutions that liquefy at body temperatures when applied topically to the skin, eye, ear, or mucous membranes
53
Gels
Drugs suspended in a semisolid or jelly-like form
54
Repository/depot forms
Injectables formulated to allow slow absorption of the drug from the administration site, providing more sustained drug concentrations in the body over time
55
Drug insert/ package insert
Most accurate manufacturers drug information for a particular product, including the most recent changes in the drug formulation, dosages, or warnings/precautions
56
Extra Label drug use (ELDU) / Off-label
Using the drug in a manner other than the FDA approved dose, route of administration, disease/condition, or species listed on the drug label
57
Withdrawal period/ time
The time between the last dose and when the animal can be slaughtered for meat or food products such as eggs or milk can be used
58
What does AMDUCA stand for?
Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act of 1994
59
United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
A nongovernmental organization that sets the standards for drug manufacturing quality, purity, and consistency for any drugs sold in the US
60
Controlled Substance / Schedule Drug
Classification of the abuse potential for these drugs.
61
Active ingredient
The part of the drug that produces the intended beneficial effect
62
Inert Ingredients
Preservatives, stabilizers, liquid media, or other additives that make up the dosage form, should also be listed in the composition statement
63
Indication
The approved reason for which the drug can be used
64
Side effect
Any effect of the drug other than its intended beneficial effect that occurs when the drug concentrations are within the normal therapeutic range
65
ADR (Adverse Reaction)
Any unwanted patient response to the chemical or physical properties of the drug
66
Boxed warning
A drug that has a history of a particularly risky side effect, the drug may also have a separate section surrounded by a black box on the specific adverse reactions
67
Precautions
Describes mild adverse reactions, some predictable change in clinical state or the patient's condition, or some other effect that typically doesn't require medical intervention
68
Warnings
More serious or frequent side effects than those found in the precautions section and constitute adverse drug effects that could potentially do significant harm to the patient
69
Black Box Warning
Strongest warning the FDA caN require a drug manufacturer to include in their drug information
70
Contraindications
Circumstances or conditions in which the drug should not be used

Pharmacology (13 decks)

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