Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharmacology > Chapter 6 - Respiratory > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Respiratory Flashcards

(56 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

List some of the respiratory tracts protective mechanisms

A
  • Coughing
  • Retching gag
  • Laryngospasm
  • Sneezing
  • Excessive mucous secretion
  • Mucociliary apparatus
  • Bronchoconstriction
  • Macrophages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mucociliary Apparatus

A

Apparatus that moves mucus and trapped materials up the bronchi and trachea via sheets of sticky mucus that trap particles, it is then swept upward by microscopic, hairlike cilia that line the respiratory tract so the mucus and trapped materials are coughed up and expelled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bronchoconstriction

A

Ring of smooth muscle that surrounds the small terminal bronchioles and can narrow or close off the airway, preventing foreign materials from entering and damaging the alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cor Pulmonale

A

When protective mechanisms become overstimulated or act when they are nor needed for protection they are now contributing the the signs of clinical disease itself, causing changes in the lungs and leading to heart problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Antitussive Drugs

A

Block the cough reflex coordinated through the cough center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Tachypnea

A

Rapid breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Productive Cough

A

Produces mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Nonproductive Cough

A

Dry and hacking with no significant mucus brought up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Insipissated

A

Dry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

(True/False)

Antitussives are indicated for use in very productive coughs

A

FALSE.
Antitussives are contraindicated with a productive cough. In such cases the body may be relying on the cough itself to prevent obstruction of the airways or accumulation of excessive mucus/debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Centrally Acting Antitussives

A

Reduces coughing by suppressing the cough center neurons in the brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List 1-2 centrally acting antitussives

A
  • Hydrocodone

- Codeine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Locally Acting Antitussives

A

Reduces coughing by directly soothing the irritated respiratory mucosa that is initiating the cough (cough lozenge)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

(True/False)

Locally acting antitussives are not used in Veterinary medicine

A

TRUE.

Animal patients are unwilling to hold lozenges in their moth long enough to be effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are antitussives commonly used to treat in veterinary medicine?

A

Dry, nonproductive coughs generated by inflammation in the trachea or bronchi (or both)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Butorphanol (Torbutrol)

A
  • Centrally acting opioid cough suppressant (IV best route of admin - oral dose 10x higher)
  • Only FDA approved cough suppressant for Veterinary use
  • Class IV controlled substance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hydrocodone (Hycodan)

A
  • Orally administered potent Mu opioid receptor agonist antitussive that is synthesized from codeine but is much more potent.
  • Human drug - all Veterinary use is extra-label
  • Class II controlled substance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Codeine

A
  • Relatively weak Mu-opioid receptor agonist antitussive
  • Found in a variety of oral cough and cold preparations (acetaminophen often included in these)
  • Not typically used in the dog because it is not well absorbed
  • Contraindicated for use in cats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dextromethorphan

A
  • Antitussive
  • Considered a non-narcotic because it does not combine with opioid receptors to produce its effects
  • Common in OTC preparations
  • Caution should be used since they often contain acetaminophen
  • Not recommended for use to control coughing in dogs/cats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Mucolytic Agents

A

Designed to break up or lyse mucus and reduce its viscosity so the cilia can more readily move it out of the respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Reverse Sneezing

A

Can be caused by any irritation in the nasal cavity (allergic response, inhaled antigens, nasal polyps, tumors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)

A
  • Mucolytic Agent - Decreases viscosity of mucus by breaking apart the disulfide bonds contributed to the mucus by DNA strands and that contribute significantly to the viscosity of the mucus
  • Also used PO or IV as the antidote for acetaminophen toxicosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Nebulization (aerosolization/aerosol therapy)

Study These Flashcards
A

Inhalation of a fine mist containing the drug

24
Q

(True/False)

Oxygen administered to animals with respiratory problems, is very dry in nature, and can dehydrate the mucociliary apparatus and decrease its efficiency

Study These Flashcards
A

TRUE.

Oxygen is very dry and reduces the mucociliary apparatus’s function. Moisture should be added for animals on long term oxygen therapy

25
Expectorants
Improve the effectiveness of the mucociliary apparatus by increasing the fluidity of mucus in the respiratory tract by generating watery secretions by respiratory tract cells
26
Expectorate
To spit
27
Guaifensin (Glyceryl Guaiacolate) "GG"
Expectorant - Slightly irritates the gastric mucosa, stimulating the PSNS to create respiratory secretions - Also used IV in horse anesthesia protocols to provide muscle relaxation
28
Saline Expectorants (Ammonium Chloride, Potassium Iodide and Sodium Citrate)
Expectorants that slightly irritate the gastric mucosa, stimulating PSNS to create respiratory secretions
29
Volatile Oil | Terpin Hydrate, Eucalyptus Oil and Pine Oil
Expectorants that directly stimulate watery respiratory secretions when their vapors are inhaled or when the absorbed volatile oil is excreted by the respiratory tract
30
Decongestants
Reduce congestion (vascular engorgement) of swollen nasal tissues by stimulating the SNS's Alpha 1 receptors on the smooth muscle of blood vessels in the skin and mucous membranes
31
Why should animals with cardiovascular disease not be treated with decongestants?
Decongestants are not specific of A1 (alpha) receptors, most have some B1 (beta) receptor activity and increase the HR as a side effect. For an animal with cardiovascular disease, the additional O2 demand by the stimulated B1 myocardial cells could result in arrhythmia
32
What decongestant is closely similar to Methamphetamine in its chemical structure?
Pseudoephedrine
33
This decongestant is not regulated like Pseudoephedrine and it is also less effective
Phenylephrine
34
(True/False) Decongestants are very commonly used in Veterinary medicine
FALSE. They are very rarely used, but owners should be informed of the risks if they administer their own OTC medications to their pets at home
35
Bronchoconstriction
Contraction of smooth muscles surrounding the small terminal bronchioles deep within the respiratory tree
36
Dyspnea
Difficult breathing
37
Acetylcholinesterase
Enzyme that normally breaks down acetylcholine and terminates its activity
38
List 2-4 inflammatory mediators released by inflammatory cells that cause bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation
- Serotonin - Histamine - Prostaglandins - Leukotrienes
39
PSNS effect on bronchcoconstriction (slightly more dominant than SNS)
Release of acetylcholine and stimulation of the bronchiolar smooth muscle muscarinic receptors creates a constant, slight degree of bronchoconstriction
40
SNS effect on bronchoconstriction
Antagonizes the PSNS primary effect by causing bronchodilation via norepinephrine stimulation of B2 receptors
41
Beta-Adrenergic Agonist Bronchodilators
More selective B2 agonists (than older generation epinephrine) and have fewer (but still some) B1 side effects (increase HR and force of contraction). These drugs last longer
42
MDI's
Metered-Dose Inhalers "rescue inhalers" usually contain drugs like Terbutaline or Albuterol
43
RAO
Recurrent airway obstruction - asthma syndrome in horses
44
Albuterol/Terbutaline
Used to treat bronchoconstriction, asthma like syndromes in small animals and RAO in horses
45
Epinephrine
Older B2 agonist bronchodilator - non-selective meaning they stimulated B1 + B2 receptors, increasing the HR and force of contraction. Still used for emergency treatment of life-threatening bronchoconstriction
46
Methylxanthine Bronchodilators
There are two mechanisms that are reported 1) Phosphodiesterase inhibition mechanism - B2 stimulated by B agonists and the cell produces cAMP, causing relaxation of the bronchiolar smooth muscle 2) Blocking of adenosine receptors or direct interference with the calcium mobilization required for the contractile elements of the muscle to connect, forcing bronchiolar smooth muscles to remain in a relaxed state
47
Aminophylline
Methylxanthine bronchodilator - 80% theophylline and 20% ethylenediamine salt to make the drug better tolerated by the GI tract when given orally. Very interactive with other drugs
48
Theophylline
Methylxanthine bronchodilator of choice due to refinements in sustained release formulations which are capable of establishing longer therapeutic concentrations in dogs Very interactive with other drugs
49
Antimicrobials
Drugs used to combat infections by a variety of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, and protozoa
50
Corticosteroids
Indicated in situations in which the inflammation itself is potentially more life threatening than a temporary suppression of the immune response - Large doses are known to impair the immune response to infection and have the potential to delay healing
51
(True/False) | Corticosteroids are used frequently to treat feline asthma syndrome
TRUE. | Cats with feline asthma syndrome appear to respond well to corticosteroid treatment
52
Antihistamines
Antihistamines block the H1 receptors - but this alone does little to alleviate clinical signs of respiratory disease
53
Diuretics
Used to remove accumulated fluid from the lungs by promoting loss of body water through decreased reabsorption of water by the kidneys. Think of it as therapeutic tissue dehydration.
54
Oxygen
Indicated in animals that are transiently hypoxic
55
Hypoxia
An absence of enough oxygen in the tissues to sustain bodily functions
56
(True/False) Using diuretics to remove accumulated fluid edema does not dry the respiratory secretions or affect the mucociliary apparatus
FALSE. Diuretics promote water loss through the kidneys, which tend to dry the respiratory secretions, rendering the mucociliary apparatus less effective

Pharmacology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions