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NUTRITION > CHAPTER 1: VITAMINS, MINERALS, ELECTROLYTES, NUTRIENTS > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1: VITAMINS, MINERALS, ELECTROLYTES, NUTRIENTS Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of a carb?

A

i. Provide energy
ii. Regulate fat and protein metabolism
iii. Cardiac and central nervous system functioning

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2
Q

What does fiber do and how many grams of fiber should women and men have a day?

A

adds bulk to feces, increases peristalsis and decreases the r/f cancer; 25 G/DAY (FEMALE) 38 G/DAY (MALES

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3
Q

What is the function of a protein?

A

Tissue building, metabolism, immune function, neutral nitrogen balance
i. Also, super important for wound healing

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4
Q

What are 2 examples of protein energy malnutrition conditions?

A

i. Kwashiorkor

ii. Marasmus

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5
Q

What is a sign of a protein deficiency?

A

ankle edema

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6
Q

What education should you provide to overweight patients?

A

i. Limit MEAT intake to 5oz per day!!
ii. Egg yolks to 3x per week
iii. Cheeses with 3 grams of fat max
iv. 2 grams of saturated fat max

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7
Q

What is the function of fats?

A

stored energy, padding insulation, hormone production, and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

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8
Q

What should cholesterol limits be in a day?

A

limited to 200-300 mg/day

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9
Q

What is vitamin B1 and its function?

A

thiamin; helps convert food into energy and is critical in nerve function

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10
Q

What is vitamin B2 and its function?

A

riboflavin; helps convert food into energy and supports healthy skin, hair, blood and brain

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11
Q

What is vitamin B3 and its function?

A

niacin; helps convert food into energy and is essential for healthy nervous system

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12
Q

What is vitamin B6 and its function?

A

pyridoxine; helps make RBCs and improves sleep, appetite and mood

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13
Q

What is vitamin B7 and its function?

A

biotin; helps convert food into energy and breaks down glucose

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14
Q

What is vitamin B9 and its function?

A

folate; vital for new cell creation and DNA synthesis - pregnant women must have adequate folic acid intake (fetal neural tube)

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15
Q

What is vitamin B12 and its function?

A

cobalamin; RBC maturation

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16
Q

_______ is carb, fat, and protein metabolism

A

Pantothenic Acid

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17
Q

What is the function of vitamin C?

A

tissue building, metabolism, and iron absorption***

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18
Q

What are some foods that contain a lot of vitamin C?

A
  • citrus fruits and juices
  • tomatoes
  • green leafy vegetables
  • peppers
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19
Q

What condition occurs when you have a vitamin C deficiency and what is its s/sx?

A

scurvy; bleeding, joint pain, and swollen gums

may need to increase intake of Vitamin C during times of stress and illness or if you smoke

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20
Q

These vitamins are crucial to metabolism, energy and nerve functioning

A

B complex Vitamins

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21
Q

What are some foods that contain a lot of B complex vitamins?

A
  • meats
  • milk
  • enriched grains
  • whole grains
  • legumes or beans
  • green leafy vegetables
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22
Q

What condition occurs when you have a vitamin B1 deficiency?

A

Beriberi; common in alcohol use disorder

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23
Q

What condition occurs when you have a vitamin B2 deficiency?

A
  • Cheilosis (cracking at corners of the mouth)

- Glossitis (smooth swollen red tongue)

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24
Q

What condition occurs when you have a vitamin B9 deficiency?

A

neural tube defects in utero

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25
What condition occurs when you have a vitamin B12 deficiency?
pernicious anemia; vegans have problems getting enough B12 | • Also, those lacking intrinsic factor in their gut and if you don’t have it you aren’t absorbing it
26
What condition occurs when you have a vitamin B3 deficiency?
pellagra (sun-sensitive lesions)
27
What risk do fat soluble vitamins carry?
risk of toxicity because they are stored in the body for a long time, so you can overdose of fat soluble
28
What conditions impair the absorption of fat soluble vitamins?
o Cystic Fibrosis o Celiac Disease o Crohn’s
29
What are the functions of vitamin A?
important in vision health, plays a role in skeletal and soft tissue development and strength
30
What foods contain a lot of vitamin A?
- orange and yellow fruits and veggies (carrots, apricots, and cantaloupe) - fatty fish - eggs - liver - dairy products
31
A vitamin A deficiency can lead to what health issues/conditions?
- vision issues | - xerophthalmia (dry or thickening cornea or conjunctiva)
32
What are the functions of vitamin D?
super important in absorption of calcium and phosphorus, key role in bone mineralization
33
What is the best source of vitamin D?
sunlight
34
What foods contain a lot of vitamin D?
- fortified milk - fatty fish - eggs
35
A vitamin D deficiency can lead to what health issues/conditions?
rickets or bone loss
36
What are the functions of vitamin E?
serves as an antioxidant (protects cell from damage)
37
What foods contain a lot of vitamin E?
- fat containing foods (vegetable oil, nuts) - dark green vegetables - whole grains
38
A vitamin E deficiency can lead to what health issues/conditions?
(rare) muscle pain, weakness, poor balance
39
What are the functions of vitamin K?
- blood clotting in the body | - bone maintenance
40
What foods contain a lot of vitamin K?
- dark green vegetables - carrots - eggs
41
A vitamin K deficiency can lead to what health issues/conditions?
increased bleeding time
42
What is the antidote for warfarin and coumadin?
vitamin K
43
What is a s/sx of hyponatremia?
- confusion (super common in elderly) - muscle cramping - fatigue - N/V - headache
44
What is the function of sodium in the body?
maintenance of the fluid balance in the body as well as nerve and muscle function
45
What are some sources of sodium?
salt and processed foods
46
What is the function of potassium in the body?
- maintains ICF (intracellular fluid balance) - nerve function - helps regulate muscle and heart contractions
47
What are some good sources of potassium?
- BANNANAS - POTATOS - TOMATOES - ORANGES - DRIED FRUIT - AVOCADOS - DARK GREEN VEGETABLES
48
What is the function of chloride in the body?
- digestion, maintain intracellular fluid balance | - extracellular fluid balance
49
What is a source of chloride?
salt
50
What is the function of calcium in the body?
super important for bone and teeth formation, nerve and muscle function, clotting, blood pressure
51
What are some sources of calcium?
- dairy products - dark green vegetables - fortified foods - almonds*** - low fat yogurt
52
What are some s/sx of hypermagnesia?
N/V, hypotension, muscle weakness, lethargy, respiratory and cardiac arrest (everything goes down)
53
What are some s/sx of hypomagnesia?
dysthymias, tremors, seizures, confusion, and increased deep tendon reflexes (everything amps up)
54
What is the function of magnesium in the body?
- assist with nerve and muscle function - bone formation - critical for biochemical reactions - smooth muscle relaxation
55
What are some sources of magnesium?
- nuts - dark green vegetables - whole grains - meat and milk
56
What is the function of phosphorus in the body?
bone and teeth formation (along with calcium)
57
What are some sources of phosphorus?
- dairy (cheese products) - dark green vegetables - meat - fish - eggs - legumes
58
How much iodine is recommended daily?
100-150mg
59
What is the function of iodine?
help in synthesis of thyroxine (thyroid hormone) | - when its too low = goiter; when its too high = thyroid storm
60
What are some sources of iodine?
- table salt | - seafood
61
What is the function of floride?
protects against cavities
62
What are some sources of floride?
water
63
What is the function of iron?
help make hemoglobin (component of RBC)
64
What are some sources of iron?
- meat (heme iron) - fish - grains - legumes (non-heme iron)
65
What are some side effects of iron supplements?
▪ Constipation (increase fiber and fluid intake to compensate this) ▪ GI upset ▪ Tooth discoloration (if you take liquid preparations of iron so use a straw!) *** need more iron if pregnant, menstruating or those who are toddlers ***
66
What increases and decrease the absorption of iron?
vitamin C; calcium
67
How do you give IM injections of iron?
Z tract method
68
What is the function of zinc?
immune function in the body
69
What are some good sources of zinc?
- nuts*** - meat*** - fortified cereal - beans***
70
What is the recommended intake for water? What is the minimum intake for water?
2-3L/day; 1.5 L/day | *** increase need if your an athlete, sick or in a hot climate ***
71
What is sensible fluid loss?
Can be measured: | ▪ Urine, vomit
72
What is insensible fluid loss?
Fluid loss from lungs, skin (sweating),respiratory tract, water excreted in the feces.
73
Who is at a greater risk for dehydration?
older adults and children
74
What are some s/sx of dehydration?
poor skin turgor, confusion, hypotension, decreased urine output, increased urine osmolality, dry mucous membranes, feeling thirsty
75
What are some good sources of fiber?
- oatmeal - bran - fatty meat - whole grains - fruits and seeds - fruits with skin (apples, bananas, etc.)
76
What clinical manifestations are present in those with potassium imbalance?
EKG (dsyrhythmias)
77
What clinical manifestations are present in those with magnesium imbalance?
- seizure precautions - LOC - VS
78
What are the NI for those with phosphorus imbalance?
- ask about antacids and alcohol use
79
What is RDA?
Recommend daily allowance; amount of nutrient needed by health person at similar age, sex and health
80
What is EAR?
Estimated average requirements; amount of nutrient needed to meet basic health requirements of 1/2 specific population
81
What is AI?
Adequate intake; the amount of nutrient most people consume
82
What is UL?
Tolerable upper intake limit; max amount able to consume if nutrient has adverse effects
83
What is AMDR?
Acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges; recommended % intake for macronutrients
84
What is the minimum amount of carbs needed in a day?
130g/day

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