Chapter 1 Vocabulary

Question 0

Adaptation

Answer 0

The adjustment of existing knowledge structures through either of the two processes of assimilation or accommodation

Question 1

Accommodation

Answer 1

A process by which one learns new info by creating an entirely new knowledge structure(s)

Question 2

Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 2

Eating disorder characterized by very limited food intake

Question 3

Assimilation

Answer 3

Incorporating new knowledge into existing knowledge frames

Question 4

Assisted Learning

Answer 4

The process a teacher might use when providing scaffolding within a student’s zone of proximal development

Question 5

“Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt” Stage

Answer 5

Erikson’s second stage; where children who are given developmentally appropriate tasks to try by themselves develop a growing sense of independence

Question 6

Bulimia

Answer 6

An eating disorder characterized by over-eating and then purging the food by self-induced vomiting or laxatives

Question 7

Centration

Answer 7

Young children are only able to focus upon one aspect or characteristic when organizing or sorting

Question 8

Classification

Answer 8

Groupings objects with common characteristics

Question 9

Cognitive Development

Answer 9

Changes in mental and intellectual processes

Question 10

Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 10

Piaget’s third stage; characterized by the ability to consider more than one aspect of an object or problem, conserve and classify, and demonstrate the concept of seriation

Question 11

Conservation

Answer 11

The realization that a change in the appearance of an object does not necessarily change the characteristics of the object

Question 12

Constructivist Theories

Answer 12

Belief that children are not passive in the learning process; each learner constantly and actively seeks info and meshes old knowledge with new to make it meaningful in building or constructing his or her own knowledge

Question 13

Conventional Moral Reasoning

Answer 13

The focus of choosing a course of moral action is on gaining the approval of others

Question 14

Development

Answer 14

The systematic and lasting changes that take place over the course of the human life span

Question 15

Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP)

Answer 15

Teaching in a way that considers the capabilities of the child in his or her current developmental stage; providing learning experiences that lead to optimal success at each child’s developmental level

Question 16

Disequilibrium

Answer 16

Occurs when dissonance after an interaction with the environment is not consistent with one’s prior representations, beliefs, or knowledge of events or objects

Question 17

Egocentrism

Answer 17

The inability of young children to take the perspective of others

Question 18

Equilibration

Answer 18

The constant innate search for a balance between that we already know and a new activity, skill, or social experience

Question 19

Fine Motor Skills

Answer 19

The development and use of finely-tuned, small muscle movements that develop after gross motor skills

Question 20

Formal Operational Stage

Answer 20

Piaget’s cognitive development; covering ages 11-adult; characterized by the ability to deal with abstract concepts without concrete representations

Question 21

Gross Motor Skills

Answer 21

The development and use of large muscles of the body and large body movements

Question 22

Guided Participation

Answer 22

The process that a teacher might use when providing scaffolding within a student’s zone of proximal development

Question 23

Imaginary audience

Answer 23

Older children’s belief that everyone is as concerned about their behavior and appearance as they are; everything that happens to them is “seen” by everyone else

Question 24

Identity vs. role confusion stage

Answer 24

Erikson's fifth psychosocial stage; adolescents seek to discover "who they are"

Question 25

Industry vs. inferiority stage

Answer 25

Erikson's 4th stage; children (6-12) attempt to develop the academic and social skills and abilities needed for successful societal and social interaction

Question 26

Information processing

Answer 26

Suggests that the development of cognitive processes occurs through more gradual processes involving increased capability and capacity of attention, learning strategies, knowledge, and metacognition

Question 27

"Initiative vs. guilt" stage

Answer 27

Erikson's third stage; children ages 3-6 of age test their independence and explore their environment as they master language and cognitive and social skills

Question 28

Maturation

Answer 28

Internally determined change

Question 29

Metacognitive ability

Answer 29

The ability to think that one's own cognitive thinking processes and to use this process to facilitate learning

Question 30

Organization

Answer 30

Continual process of arranging and connecting information, objects, and events within meaningful mental systems

Question 31

Personal Fable

Answer 31

Adolescents' belief that they are special in the sense of being unique, invulnerable, and omnipotent, so few can understand

Question 32

Physical development

Answer 32

Changes in the human body that are dependent, to a large extent, on genes

Question 33

Preconventional Moral Reasoning

Answer 33

The first level of moral reasoning described by Kohlberg, where right or wrong is decided by the consequences received after an action

Question 34

Preoperational stage

Answer 34

Piaget's second stage; ages 2-7; it marks the transition to symbolic thought characterized by the child's focus on a single aspect of a situation while ignoring other aspects and the child's ability to think operations through in one direction but not the reverse

Question 35

Prepubescense

Answer 35

The period of life immediately before puberty, often marked by accelerated physical growth

Question 36

Private Speech

Answer 36

Vygotsky's term for young children's talking themselves through tasks aloud; this develops as we grow older into mentally "talking ourselves through" tasks

Question 37

Psychomotor Domain

Answer 37

The stages in which children master skills

Question 38

Psychosocial Theory

Answer 38

Erikson's stage theory that relates to stages of psychological and social principles; during their lifetimes, humans may go through up to 8 stages

Question 39

Puberty

Answer 39

The stage of adolescence in which an individual becomes physiologically capable of sexual reproduction

Question 40

Readiness

Answer 40

The assessment of a student's potential ability to complete new tasks

Question 41

Reflectivity

Answer 41

The tendency to think about what is going on in one's own mind, to study oneself, and to judge one's actions

Question 42

Scaffolding

Answer 42

Guidance and support in new learning from adults or peers that is gradually withdrawn from the learner as competence improves

Question 43

Schema (schemata)

Answer 43

According to Piaget, building blocks of thought that enable us to understand our world and help guide our interactions with objects and events

Question 44

Self-concept

Answer 44

Conscious, cognitive perception by individuals of themselves

Question 45

Self-esteem

Answer 45

The value humans place on their own particular characteristics, behaviors, and abilities

Question 46

Self-talk

Answer 46

The oral directions children often give themselves while working through a task

Question 47

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 47

Piaget's 1st stage for birth-2 years; primary accomplishments during this period include understanding that objects exist, even when they are not in sight or sound range, imitation of the actions of others, the combination of simple actions into more complex routines, and evidence of goal-directed behaviors or intentional behaviors or intentional behaviors tied to physical actions

Question 48

Seriation

Answer 48

Ability to arrange objects in an orderly fashion using a quantitative dimension

Question 49

Social development

Answer 49

Occurs as mans interact with others, although inherent personality and/or physical traits may influence the nature of these interactions

Question 50

Stages of Cognitive Development

Answer 50

1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperational 3. Concrete Operational 4. Formal Operational

Question 51

Stages of Moral Reasoning

Answer 51

Levels of thinking processes related to judgment of right or wrong

Question 52

Strategies

Answer 52

Specific ways of studying used by students to help them learn

Question 53

"Trust vs. Mistrust" Stage

Answer 53

Erikson's first stage; without appropriate caregiving during birth to 3 years, children can develop mistrust of other human beings

Question 54

Zone of Proximal Development

Answer 54

The difference between intellectual tasks that children can perform alone and those that they can perform with the assistance of an adult or a more skilled peer; the place in learning at which a child could succeed with help but cannot yet succeed alone