Chapter 4 Vocabulary

Question 0

Assimilation

Answer 0

The mental process of fitting new information from the environment into the already existing schema

Question 1

Accommodation

Answer 1

Creating new mental schemas in response to new information from the environment when your information does not fit into it existing schemas

Question 2

Auditory modality

Answer 2

Receives and represents information best orally

Question 3

Behaviorism

Answer 3

View of learning that emphasizes the role that the environment plays in changing behavior; one learns because of reinforcement or punishment

Question 4

Chunking

Answer 4

Grouping bits of information into units that are more meaningful in order to allow more items to be included in memory

Question 5

Classical conditioning

Answer 5

Learning as a result of pairing a stimulus with an automatic emotional or physiological response (sweating, salivating, etc.)

Question 6

Cognitive learning theory

Answer 6

A theory of learning that emphasizes the change and one’s mental structures as a result of a need to make sense of one’s world

Question 7

Community resources

Answer 7

What a community can provide that contributes to the education of learners, including guest speakers, monetary resources, and enriching facilities such as museums

Question 8

Community Stress

Answer 8

Anxiety that may be felt by students who come from communities that are impoverished, have high crime rates, and/or provide a little support for students; can cause students to be nervous and afraid for their safety

Question 9

Concept

Answer 9

A mental structure that represents a particular idea, object, person, event, or experience along with the defining attributes attached to it

Question 10

Conditional knowledge

Answer 10

Knowing when and why to use declarative and procedural knowledge

Question 11

Constructivism

Answer 11

A view of learning that emphasizes the role of the learner in building in his or her own understanding while making sense of the world

Question 12

Contiguity

Answer 12

The simple pairing of two behaviors enough times so that they continue to be paired, even when only one is presented

Question 13

Convergent thinking

Answer 13

Problem solving in which there is one answer and/or one way to arrive at an answer

Question 14

Declarative knowledge

Answer 14

A type of knowledge that is factually based

Question 15

Defining attributes

Answer 15

The important criteria that determine whether an item fits into a concept; also called defining characteristic or the defining features

Question 16

Emotional intelligence

Answer 16

Refers to recognizing, using, understanding, and managing emotions

Question 17

Encoding

Answer 17

The process of moving information into long-term memory

Question 18

Extinguishing

Answer 18

The process of making a behavior disappear; in the classroom, this usually involves a gradual shaping so that valued reinforcement are added as negative behaviors decrease

Question 19

Facilitating teaching style

Answer 19

A mostly democratic teaching style (joint learning decisions are made with students), in which students are arranged in small groups or in a circular pattern (demonstrating a student-centered classroom), and the instruction is cooperative and inductive in nature with many inquiry and problem-solving activities; the teacher is seen as a fellow learner who sets the stage and provides help as needed for students to actively engage in learning

Question 20

Field dependent

Answer 20

Learners who are more global or “big picture” oriented, extrinsically motivated, and more socially oriented

Question 21

Field independent

Answer 21

Learners who are more local or detail oriented, analytical, intrinsically motivated, and less socially oriented

Question 22

Home stress

Answer 22

Family difficulties present in the home such as divorce, family illness or death, family poverty, erratic parenting and so forth

Question 23

Information processing

Answer 23

A cognitive view of learning that compares the mind to a computer with a place for data input, storage, and retrieval for future use; a view that learning is a change in mental processes

Question 24

Kinesthetic modality

Answer 24

Receives and represents information best through movement

Question 25

Learning

Answer 25

Depending on the theory, a change in mental processes or observable behavior

Question 26

Learning styles

Answer 26

Learning or thinking in a certain way or what

Question 27

Long-term memory

Answer 27

A place where information is permanently stored in the mind

Question 28

Metacognition

Answer 28

A complex cognitive process that requires knowledge of and control over one's own mental processes; thinking about one's thinking

Question 29

Modalities

Answer 29

Refers to the various methods of receiving sensory input: visual, auditory, tactile, and kinesthetic

Question 30

Modeling

Answer 30

The concept that learners change their behavior as a result of observing a behavior in another person

Question 31

Multiple intelligences

Answer 31

Howard Gardner has identified several areas of intelligence, including verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, intrapersonal, visual-spatial, musical-rhythmic, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, naturalistic, and, perhaps, existential

Question 32

Negative reinforcement

Answer 32

The removal of something undesirable in order to increase a behavior

Question 33

Nonroutine problem solving

Answer 33

Solving a problem for which an easily identifiable solution is not available (and ill-define problem); divergent thinking is usually required

Question 34

Operant conditioning

Answer 34

Learning as a result of reinforcement or punishment from the environment

Question 35

Organizational skills

Answer 35

A factor in the learning that involves meaningful categorization

Question 36

Parenting style

Answer 36

Four styles of raising children have been identified: 1. Permissive 2. Rejecting-neglecting 3. Authoritarian 4. Authoritative (preferred)

Question 37

Positive reinforcement

Answer 37

The introduction of a valued reward to increase a desired behavior

Question 38

Presentation punishment

Answer 38

Introduction of something disliked or distasteful to decrease a behave

Question 39

Procedural knowledge

Answer 39

Knowledge of the necessary steps to complete a task

Question 40

Punishment

Answer 40

Adding or taking away something valued which results in a decrease in a behavior

Question 41

Rehearsal

Answer 41

The process of repeating information over and over to oneself to keep it in working memory

Question 42

Reinforcement

Answer 42

Something valued used to influence behavior

Question 43

Removal punished

Answer 43

The removal of something pleasurable in order to decrease a behavior

Question 44

Routine problem-solving

Answer 44

Solving a problem for which there is a set (or easily identifiable) procedure to follow, making the answer readily available (a well-defined problem); convergent thinking is normally used

Question 45

Satiation

Answer 45

When a child gets too much of a reward or punishment, it becomes meaningless and will no longer influence behavior

Question 46

Schema

Answer 46

A mental structure for the various concepts one has developed and their relationships to each other

Question 47

Sensory memory

Answer 47

A place in the mind where information received from the and says it's briefly stored (usually less than a few seconds); no attention is paid to it, the information is lost

Question 48

Shaping

Answer 48

Behavior changes gradually over time due to the introduction and continuation of reinforcers

Question 49

Short-term memory

Answer 49

A place in mind where the brain temporarily stores everything to which attention is directed; unless rehearsals or another activity is completed, the information is lost after about 20-32 seconds

Question 50

Social learning theory

Answer 50

A theory of learning that emphasizes what we learn by observing the behavior of others in our environment

Question 51

Stimulus-response learning

Answer 51

The automatic pairing of a response to a given stimulus

Question 52

Stress factors

Answer 52

Situations in the home or community that may cause a learner to become anxious and nervous

Question 53

Student-centered teacher

Answer 53

A teacher who employs a facilitating manner and constantly focuses on the needs of a learner in every respect. The teacher continuously asks if students are able, ready, interested, and so forth for the instruction to be implemented. Student decisions about learning are respected and encouraged, in the teacher is a learner in the classroom community.

Question 54

Tactile modality

Answer 54

Receives and represents information best through touch

Question 55

Teaching styles

Answer 55

A teacher's choice of emphasis, instruction, interactions, methods of communicating, and classroom mannerisms

Question 56

Transfer

Answer 56

Applying the learning of previous information to a new situation

Question 57

Vicarious learning

Answer 57

Learning that results from seeing someone else's behavior either rewarded or punished

Question 58

Visual modality

Answer 58

Receives and represents information best through sight

Question 59

Working memory

Answer 59

A place in the mind where information is temporarily held so that it can be actively manipulated