Chapter 1 - What Is Health Psychology

Question 1

Health Psychology

Answer 1

The area within psychology devoted to understanding psychological influences on health, Illness, and responses to those states, as well as the psychological origins and impacts of health policy and health interventions

Question 2

World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in 1948 as

Answer 2

A complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Question 3

Etiology

Answer 3

The origins and causes of illness

Question 4

Biomedical model

Answer 4

The viewpoint that illness can be explained on the basis of aberrant somatic processes and that psychological and social processes are largely independent of the disease process; the dominant model in medical practice until recently

Focuses on illness, not behavior

Question 5

Psychosomatic medicine is

Answer 5

A field within psychiatry related to health psychology developed in the early 1900s

Developed to study diseases believed to be caused by emotional conflicts

Term is now used more broadly to mean in approach to health related problems and diseases that examines psychological factors

Question 6

Biopsychosocial approach

Answer 6

The view that biological psychological and social factors are all involved in any given state of health or illness

Question 7

Acute illness

Answer 7

Illness or other medical problems that occur over a short time, that are usually the result of an infectious process and that are reversible such as tuberculosis and pneumonia

Question 8

Chronic illness

Answer 8

Illness that are long-lasting and usually irreversible such as heart disease and cancer

Question 9

Theory

Answer 9

A set of interrelated analytic statements that explain a set of phenomena, such as why people practice poor health behaviors

Question 10

Experiment

Answer 10

A type of research in which a research randomly assigns people to two or more conditions

varies the treatments that people in each condition are given

and then measures the effect on some response

Question 11

Randomized clinical trial

Answer 11

An experimental study of the facts of a variable, such as drug or treatment

administered to human participants, who are randomly selected from a broad population, and assigned on a random basis, to either an experimental group or a control group.

The goal is to determine the clinical efficacy and pharmacologic effects of the drug or procedure

Question 12

Evidence based medicine

Answer 12

Uses the scientific method to determine the best available treatments for disorders

typically relying on a double line placebo controlled clinical trial

evidence-based medicine is increasingly the standard for clinical decision making in healthcare

Question 13

Correlation research

Answer 13

Measure two variables and determines whether they are associated with each other.

Question 14

Prospective Research

Answer 14

A research strategy that examines the relationship between one set of variables and later occurrences

Question 15

Retrospective design

Answer 15

A research strategy whereby people study for the relationship of past variables or conditions to current ones

Question 16

Longitudinal studies

Answer 16

The repeated observation and measurement of the same individuals over a period of time

Question 17

Epidemiology

Answer 17

The study of infectious and noninfectious disease in a population

based on an investigation of the physical and social environment.

Question 18

Morbidity

Answer 18

The number of cases of a disease that exists at a given point in time;

it may be expressed as the number of new cases or as the total number of existing cases

Question 19

Mortality

Answer 19

The number of deaths due to a particular cause

Question 20

Meta-analysis

Answer 20

Combines and contrasts results from multiple studies to identify consistencies in patterns of research findings

Question 21

Describe the Nightmare Deaths phenomenon

Answer 21

Refugees from Asia were suddenly dying in their sleep. Autopsies revealed no specific cause of death. The biopsychosocial model shows that many were struggling with biological, psychological, and social needs.

Question 22

American Psychological Association (APA) created a task force in 1973 to

Answer 22

Focus on psychology’s potential role in health research

Question 23

Health psychology investigations are guided by theory at a rate of about

Answer 23

33% or 1/3

Question 24

One disadvantage of correlational studies

Answer 24

It is difficult to determine the direction of casualty unambiguously

Question 25

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer 25

Permits glimpses into the brain

Question 26

Which of the following is true of the biomedical model?

Answer 26

It emphasizes cellular dysfunction and ignores all other factors

Question 27

The biopsychosocial approach to health emphasizes

Answer 27

Biological, psychological, and social factors

Question 28

Health psychologists who design a media campaign to get people to improve their diets focuses on…

Answer 28

Health promotion and maintenance