Chapter 1: What Is Motor Learning? Flashcards
(34 cards)
What is the key for motor learning?
REPETITION
What are the characteristics of experts?
- superior skills
- consistent performance
- greater domain specific knowledge
- creative ability
- enhanced decision making skills
What is an experts ability related to?
Domain and task specificity
How is enhanced speed related to enhanced reaction time?
There is little to no relevance. A person’s enhanced physical speed doesn’t mean that their reaction times are just as fast. Reaction times are processed by the brain whereas physical speed is processed by how fast the muscle contracts, so to speak.
In a game of chess, how does an expert player have an advantage over the novice player?
The experts cognitive recall ability is much higher than a novice.
How is a master lever base recall, in a game of chess, compared to a novice player?
Master’s base recall ability is vastly higher than of the novices. About 4x more according to graph in studies.
According to graph, how do the number of trials differ when it comes to expert vs novice?
Expert players make less trials to reach the same goals as a novice player.
What do expert chess players lack in a game of chess?
Expert chess players lack performance levers when it comes remembering RANDOM board positions. “Domain specific”. This probably has something to do with automaticity. Makes it less adaptable.
How does time spent looking at the board positions differ when it comes to experts vs novice? Why?
Time spent looking at board positions decreases as expertise level rises because “ Chess masters seem to be more highly selective of their moves and direct their attention rapidly to good moves. Grandmasters do not look at a lot of continuations of the game before choosing a move.”
What is motor learning?
A set process associated with PRACTICE or experiments leading to RELATIVELY PERMANENT changes in the capability for movement.
How does a master chess player remember all sorts of these different moves/tactics?
One important role in chess skill is pattern recognition (vs. the ability to search through the problem space). Through years of practice and study, masters have learnt several hundred thousands of perceptual chess patterns (called CHUNKING). When one of these patterns is recognized in a particular position, the master then has rapid access to information such as potential moves or move sequences, tactics, and strategies
Why is the average cognitive recall for both master and novice level chess players the same when it comes to random positions?
When positions of the chess game are realistic, the experts can relate the positions to the uncountable patterns that are already in their memory, due to “chunking”. However, when the positions are randomly placed, the patterns have little to no relation/meaning to the patterns stored in their memory. Therefore, expert players can only recall as much as any other level chess player.
How does eye tracking differ from masters to novice players in chess?
According to the images shown in class, master level players’ eyes seem to jump from their side of the board to the opponents’ side, with less time spent on one particular spot. It was found that stronger players perceive more squares with a single fixation and that they spend less time to inspect each square than weaker players. Also, the number of squares that are revisited is, at least for easier problems, significantly lower for players of higher strength. It appears that gaze patterns differ for more challenging problems. Whereas a novice player would spend more time looking at one area (square).
What are the three learning stages of motor skills? (In order)
- Cognitive
- Associative
- Automatic
What is the cognitive stage?
The cognitive stage is characterized by the learner’s trying to figure out what exactly needs to be done. Considerable cognitive activity is typically required in this stage, in which movements are controlled in a relatively conscious manner. Because learners sometimes use (overt or covert) self-talk, this stage has also been labeled the “verbal stage” (Adams, 1971).During this phase, learners often experiment with different strategies to find out which ones work or don’t work in bringing them closer to the movement goal. Also, learners tend to pay attention to the step-by-step execution of the skill, which requires considerable attentional capacity. The result of using conscious control strategies is that the movement is relatively slow, abrupt, and inefficient and that performance is rather inconsistent. And there for less enjoyable.
What is the associative stage?
This is the middle stage of learning where the basis of a skill has been established and learned and the learner can then start to refine the given skill. This stage requires less concentration that the cognitive stage but still requires a considerable amount. Errors will gradually decrease during this stage. The instructor or teachers role in this stage is to provide the learner with additional information focusing on specific actions and point out relevant cues.
What is the automatic/autonomous stage?
This is the final stage of learning where after much practice, the learner has mastered the skill. In this stage the learner can perform the skill with seemingly little effort and few errors. The name autonomous suggests that the skill has become almost automatic and requires little concentration and attention. In this stage the learner can begin to strategise about game situations rather than worrying about how much force to apply or the trajectory of the kick. In this stage the instructor or teacher needs only to facilitate the learning situation as the learner will have the knowledge to correct ones own errors.
What are the negatives about the automatic stage?
The skill could turn into a habit. Also, the person doing the skill is less adaptable to any alterations of the skill because it is automatic. So if the is another way of executing the skill more efficiently, it will be harder to do so. Therefore, in the automatic stage, the player will have less creativity.
How do experts fight off automaticity then?
They terminate it by increasing motor representation.
How do we measure/observe learning?
Times have changed, and so has technology. We can look for changes in performance, via stop watch, distance, etc. why can analyze it with video analysis.
What is learning?
Learning means to change (performance) overtime while retaining the information given.
Why isn’t learning just “change overtime”?
There needs to be the Retention phase of it. For example, if you were to cram for a test, but the test was put off. And then a year later, the test was randomly active again, and you remembered nothing on the topic. That means there was no retention, therefore no learning.
What does expertise theory tell us about how we learn?
It’s all about repetition. Skills get stronger when a lot of time is invested in practicing for that certain skill.
What are the two types of feedback a?
Intrinsic and extrinsic.
