Chapter 10/11 - The Heart and Blood

Question 1

What are the three main components of blood? What percentage do they each take up?

Answer 1

Plasma/Fluid: 55%
RBC’s: 45%
WBC’s: Less than 1%

Question 2

What three proteins are in Plasma?

Answer 2

Albumin, Globulin, Fibrinogen

Question 3

What does Albumin do?

Answer 3

Maintains homeostasis by drawing water back into capillaries and maintaining body pressure

Question 4

What does Globulin do?

Answer 4

Provide protection for the blood

Question 5

What does Fibrinogen do?

Answer 5

Fibrinogens help with blood clotting

Question 6

What is the main function of Red Blood Cells? (RBC’s)

Answer 6

To transport oxygen

Question 7

What shape are RBC’s?

Answer 7

Binconcave

Question 8

How long does a RBC live? How often are they replaced per minute?

Answer 8

They live for 120 days and are replaced 5 million times per minute

Question 9

Are RBC’s nucleated?

Answer 9

No

Question 10

How are RBC’s reproduced?

Answer 10

In the bone marrow. They are made from Stem cells that lose their nucleus as they leave the Bone Marrow

Question 11

Will a person living at a high altitude have more RBC’s than the average person?

Answer 11

Yes, to compensate for the low amounts of Oxygen in their environment

Question 12

What happens to RBC’s that get too old?

Answer 12

WBC’s come around to do cleanup and will release the Hemoglobin in a RBC

Question 13

What happens to the Hemoglobin when a RBC is destroyed by a WBC?

Answer 13

Iron is recovered and stored in liver and bone marrow. Heme is turned into bile pigments

Question 14

What is Hemoglobin made up of?

Answer 14

Heme (iron containing pigment)
Globin (Protein that binds to Heme)

Question 15

Why does blood sometimes reflect blue or red?

Answer 15

Red blood comes from the Oxygen binding to the Hemoglobin
The blue reflection comes from the lack of oxygen bound to the Globin. This is because the shape of the proteins changes as Oxygen leaves

Question 16

What is Anemia caused by?

Answer 16

Anemia is the lack of Oxygen delivery to the body’s tissues. It can be caused by hemorrhages, ulcers, iron deficiency, etc.

Question 17

What is the function of all WBC’s?

Answer 17

Housekeeping/Defence

Question 18

What are two things WBC’s do to housekeep?

Answer 18

Destroy invaders through phagocytosis, and create antibodies to immobilize invaders

Question 19

Where do Granulocytes and Agranulocytes come from?

Answer 19

They both come from the Bone Marrow, but Agranulocytes are modified in the Lymph nodes

Question 20

What do Granulocytes do?

Answer 20

They enact Phagocytosis

Question 21

What are the three Phagocytes?

Answer 21

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

Question 22

What do Neutrophils do?

Answer 22

Destroy burns, hemmorrhages, fever, and toxins

Question 23

What do Eosinophils do?

Answer 23

Destroy allergens, and parasitic worms

Question 24

What do Basophils do?

Answer 24

Destroy damage to tissues

Question 25

What is erythropoiesis?

Answer 25

The production of RBC's

Question 26

What is RBC production controlled by?

Answer 26

Oxygen levels. Low Oxygen levels = Increased production

Question 27

How does Erythropoiesis work?

Answer 27

When low Oxygen levels are noted, Kindyes will release the hormone Erythropoietin causing production of RBC's to increase

Question 28

What is a Thrombus?

Answer 28

A blood clot that blocks a blood vessel and prevents gas exchange

Question 29

How are Strokes and Heart attacks caused?

Answer 29

By thrombus's that blocks either vessels in the brain or a clot in artery

Question 30

What are pros and cons to Artificial Blood?

Answer 30

Pros - Allows for no blood transfusions or to postpone blood transfusions - Do not carry diseases - No blood matching needed Cons - Provides no blood clotting or immunity

Question 31

What antigens does type A blood have? What antibodies?

Answer 31

Antigens: A Antibodies: B This means it cannot accept B blood but can accept A blood (and O)

Question 32

What blood is the universal donor? What blood is the universal recipient?

Answer 32

O is a universal donor because it has no antigens for other blood to react to. AB is a universal recipient because they have no antibodies to react to other types of blood.

Question 33

Why cant people with RH- blood recieve RH+ blood?

Answer 33

Because their body may begin to create RH antibodies and reject the blood

Question 34

What is a Macrophage?

Answer 34

A white blood cell that engulfs uneeded things in the body

Question 35

What are Helper T-Cells?

Answer 35

A T-Cell that organizes the immune response in the body

Question 36

What are B-Cells?

Answer 36

White Blood cells that that produce specific Antibodies for specific Antigens

Question 37

What is Cytokine?

Answer 37

A protein released by Helper T-Cells to signal to B-Cells and Killer T-Cells to start up

Question 38

What are Antibodies?

Answer 38

A protein molecule produced by B-Cells that bind to certain Antigens to destroy them

Question 39

What are Antigens?

Answer 39

A molecule on the surface of a cell that will elicit an immune response

Question 40

How do neutrophils protect the body?

Answer 40

They will leave the cappilaries by Chemotaxis and begin to use phagocytosis to eat the invader. During this time, they will release Lysosomes to destroy both the microbe and Leukocyte

Question 41

Why does inflamation occur?

Answer 41

Triggered by injured cells and damaged tissue due to an injury

Question 42

Why does your body increase in temperature when you're sick?

Answer 42

Because the cells in your body will realize the infection is not localized and will send a signal to the hypothalamus to increase the body temperature to try and kill the infection. They send the signal by digesting viruses and releasing chemicals that trigger the hypothalamus

Question 43

What is Diapedesis?

Answer 43

The process of WBC's exiting blood vessels

Question 44

What is Chemotaxis?

Answer 44

Blood vessels becoming leaky to allow for WBC's to exit

Question 45

What do cells release that causes an allergic reaction?

Answer 45

Histamine and Bradykin Histamine increases permeability

Question 46

How do supressor cells keep Rogue cells in check?

Answer 46

By secreting a fluid that tell macrophages to destroy rogue cells

Question 47

What does pluripotent mean?

Answer 47

A cell that can give rise to any other cell

Question 48

What does Multipotent mean?

Answer 48

A cell that can turn into a neuron or a muscle cell (Adult Skin contains these)