Chapter 8 - Nutrients, Enzymes, and the Digestive System

Question 1

Carbohydrates are often described as ________ nutrients

Answer 1

Energy

Question 2

What foods are carbohydrates usually found in?

Answer 2

Potatoes, bread, rice, fruit, corn

Question 3

Why do runners eat lots of carbs before a race? What happens if lots of carbs are not are not burned off?

Answer 3

Runners use carbs to make sure they have maximum energy reserves. If these carbs are not burned they will be stored as fat

Question 4

What is the ratio of a monosaccharide?

Answer 4

1:2:1

Question 5

What is a carbohydrate made of?

Answer 5

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Question 6

What are the three main monosaccharides?

Answer 6

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Question 7

How are disaccharides formed?

Answer 7

Dehydration synthesis

Question 8

Name a polysaccharide

Answer 8

• Starch
• Cellulose
• Glycogen

Question 9

How do animals store carbohydrates?

Answer 9

Glycogen

Question 10

Are Lipids polar?

Answer 10

No, they’re non-polar (which is why their insoluble)

Question 11

How are lipids formed?

Answer 11

Once glycogen supplies are built up, extra carbohydrates turn into fat

Question 12

What are some uses of lipids?

Answer 12

Energy storage (twice the energy of carbs or proteins)
Acts as a cushion for cells
It protects us against the cold bc it gives us an insulation layer under our skin
Carrier for some vitamins
Raw materials for the synthesis of hormones

Question 13

What are Triglycerides made of?

Answer 13

Glycerol head + 3 fatty acid tails

Question 14

What are saturated fats?

Answer 14

A fat with only single bonds (comes from animals)

Question 15

What are unsaturated fats?

Answer 15

Fats with only double bonds (easier to break down than saturated fats)

Question 16

What are liposomes used for?

Answer 16

Lipids can fuse themselves into double layered spheres (called liposomes) These are used to fight cancer and target tumors.

Question 17

What are LDL and HDL?

Answer 17

LDL and HDL are cholestrols. LDL builds up in your arteries, while HDL carries the LDL down to the liver to be broken down.

Question 18

What colour does the Benedicts test (Blue) turn to when exposed to reducing sugars?

Answer 18

Orange-Red

Question 19

What colour does the iodine test (yellow-red) turn to when exposed to starch

Answer 19

Black/Dark red

Question 20

What are proteins made of?

Answer 20

Amino Acids

Question 21

What are Amino Acids made of?

Answer 21

Nh2 group, Hydrogen, COOH (carboxyl), R group

Question 22

What is an R group

Answer 22

It represents a number of different structures and differentiated one amino acid from another

Question 23

Where are essential amino acids obtained from?

Answer 23

Food

Question 24

What are proteins used for?

Answer 24

To form structural parts of the cell
Maintaining/repairing body tissues

Question 25

What are the bonds between Amino Acids?

Answer 25

Peptide bonds

Question 26

What are chains of Amino Acids called?

Answer 26

Polypeptides

Question 27

The structure of a protein is determined by the sequence of ________ _____

Answer 27

Amino Acids

Question 28

What does the primary structure of a protein look like?

Answer 28

A relatively straight line

Question 29

What does the secondary Protein structure look like?

Answer 29

It looks folded/pleated because the Hydrogen bonding pulls the Amino Acids into 'sheets'.

Question 30

Why does the tertiary structure occur?

Answer 30

Because of the interactions with the R-groups. This causes it to fold further into itself.

Question 31

What are quarternary proteins?

Answer 31

Quarternary proteins are just a bunch of tertiary proteins put together.

Question 32

What is denaturation?

Answer 32

The changing of a protein shape due to heat, radiation, or a change in pH

Question 33

What is the result of denaturation?

Answer 33

It changes the protein's physical properties