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psychology research methods > chapter 10-11 vocab terms > Flashcards

chapter 10-11 vocab terms Flashcards

1
Q

manipulated variable

A

variable in an experiment that a researcher controls such as assigning participants to different levels (values) (independent)

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2
Q

measured variables

A

a variable in a study whose levels are observed and recorded (dependent)

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3
Q

condition

A

one of the levels of the independent variable in an experiment

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4
Q

control variable

A

a variable that a researcher holds constant on purpose

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5
Q

comparison group

A

a group in an experiment whose levels on the independent variable differ from those of the treatment group in some intended and meaningful way

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6
Q

control group

A

a level of an independent variable that is intended to represent no treatment to a neutral condition

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7
Q

placebo group

A

a control group in an experiment that is exposed to an inter treatment

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8
Q

confound

A

a general term for a potential alternative explanation for a research finding; a threat to validity

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9
Q

design confound

A

a threat to internal validity in an experiment in which a second variable happens to vary systematically along with the independent variable and is an alternative explanation for the results

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10
Q

systematic variability

A

in an experiment, a description of when the levels of a variable coincide in some predictable way with the experimental group membership, creating a potential confound

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11
Q

unsystematic variability

A

in an experiment, a description of when the levels of a variable fluctuate independently of experimental group membership, contributing to variability within groups

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12
Q

selection effect

A

a threat to internal validity that occurs in an independent groups design when the kids of participants at one level of the independent variable are systematically different from those at the other level

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13
Q

random assignment

A

the use of a random method to assign participants to diff experimental groups

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14
Q

matched groups

A

An experimental design technique in which participants who are
similar on some measured variable are grouped into sets; the
members of each matched set are then randomly assigned to different
experimental conditions.

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15
Q

treatment group

A

The participants in an experiment who are exposed to the level of the
independent variable that involves a medication, therapy, or
intervention.

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16
Q

independent-groups design

A

An experimental design in which different groups of participants are
exposed to different levels of the independent variable, such that each
participant experiences only one level of the independent variable.
Also called between-subjects design, between-groups design

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17
Q

within-groups design

A

An experimental design in which each participant is presented with all
levels of the independent variable. Also called within-subjects design.

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18
Q

posttest-only design

A

An experiment using an independent-groups design in which
participants are tested on the dependent variable only once. Also
called equivalent groups, posttest-only design

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19
Q

pretest/posttest design

A

An experiment using an independent-groups design in which
participants are tested on the key dependent variable twice: once
before and once after exposure to the independent variable

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20
Q

repeated-measures design

A

An experiment using a within-groups design in which participants
respond to a dependent variable more than once, after exposure to
each level of the independent variable.

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21
Q

concurrent-measures design

A

An experiment using a within-groups design in which participants are
exposed to all the levels of an independent variable at roughly the
same time, and a single attitudinal or behavioral preference is the
dependent variable.

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22
Q

order effect

A

In a within-groups design, a threat to internal validity in which
exposure to one condition changes participant responses to a later
condition. See also carryover effect, practice effect, testing threat

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23
Q

practice effect

A

A type of order effect in which participants’ performance improves
over time because they become practiced at the dependent measure
(not because of the manipulation or treatment). Also called fatigue
effect. See also order effect, testing threat.

24
Q

carryover effect

A

A type of order effect, in which some form of contamination carries
over from one condition to the next

25
Q

counterbalancing

A

In a repeated-measures experiment, presenting the levels of the
independent variable to participants in different sequences to control
for order effects. See also full counterbalancing, partial
counterbalancing.

26
Q

full counterbalancing

A

A method of counterbalancing in which all possible condition orders
are represented. See also counterbalancing, partial counterbalancing.

27
Q

partial counterbalancing

A

A method of counterbalancing in which some, but not all, of the
possible condition orders are represented. See also counterbalancing,
full counterbalancing.

28
Q

latin square

A

A formal system of partial counterbalancing to ensure that every
condition in a within-groups design appears in each position at least
once.

29
Q

demand characteristic

A

A cue that leads participants to guess a study’s hypotheses or goals; a
threat to internal validity. Also called experimental demand.

30
Q

manipulation check

A

In an experiment, an extra dependent variable researchers can include
to determine how well a manipulation worked

31
Q

pilot study

A

A study completed before (or sometimes after) the study of primary
interest, usually to test the effectiveness or characteristics of the
manipulations.

32
Q

one-group, pretest/posttest design

A

An experiment in which a researcher recruits one group of
participants; measures them on a pretest; exposes them to a
treatment, intervention, or change; and then measures them on a
posttest.

33
Q

maturation threat

A

A threat to internal validity that occurs when an observed change in
an experimental group could have emerged more or less
spontaneously over time.

34
Q

history threat

A

A threat to internal validity that occurs when an observed change in
an experimental group could have emerged more or less
spontaneously over time.

35
Q

regression threat

A

A threat to internal validity related to regression to the mean, a
phenomenon in which any extreme finding is likely to be closer to its
own typical, or mean, level the next time it is measured (with or
without the experimental treatment or intervention). See also
regression to the mean

36
Q

regression of the mean

A

A phenomenon in which an extreme finding is likely to be closer to
its own typical, or mean, level the next time it is measured, because
the same combination of chance factors that made the finding
extreme are not present the second time. See also regression threat.

37
Q

attrition threat

A

In a pretest/posttest, repeated-measures, or quasi-experimental study,
a threat to internal validity that occurs when a systematic type of
participant drops out of the study before it ends

38
Q

testing threat

A

In a repeated-measures experiment or quasi-experiment, a kind of
order effect in which scores change over time just because
participants have taken the test more than once; includes practice
effects.

39
Q

instrumentation threat

A

A threat to internal validity that occurs when a measuring instrument
changes over time.

40
Q

selection-history threat

A

A threat to internal validity in which a historical or seasonal event
systematically affects only the participants in the treatment group or only those in the comparison group not both

41
Q

selection attrition threat

A

A threat to internal validity in which participants are likely to drop
out of either the treatment group or the comparison group, not both.

42
Q

observer bias

A

A bias that occurs when observer expectations influence the
interpretation of participant behaviors or the outcome of the study

43
Q

demand characteristic

A

A cue that leads participants to guess a study’s hypotheses or goals; a
threat to internal validity. Also called experimental demand.

44
Q

double-blind study

A

A study in which neither the participants nor the researchers who
evaluate them know who is in the treatment group and who is in the
comparison group.

45
Q

masked design

A

A study design in which the observers are unaware of the
experimental conditions to which participants have been assigned.
Also called blind design

46
Q

placebo effect

A

A response or effect that occurs when people receiving an
experimental treatment experience a change only because they
believe they are receiving a valid treatment

47
Q

double blind placebo control study

A

A study that uses a treatment group and a placebo group and in which
neither the researchers nor the participants know who is in which
group

48
Q

null effect

A

A finding that an independent variable did not make a difference in
the dependent variable; there is no significant covariance between the
two. Also called null result

49
Q

ceiling effect

A

An experimental design problem in which independent variable
groups score almost the same on a dependent variable, such that all
scores fall at the high end of their possible distribution. See also floor
effect.

50
Q

floor effect

A

An experimental design problem in which independent variable
groups score almost the same on a dependent variable, such that all
scores fall at the low end of their possible distribution. See also
ceiling effect.

51
Q

manipulation check

A

In an experiment, an extra dependent variable researchers can include
to determine how well a manipulation worked

52
Q

noise

A

Unsystematic variability among the members of a group in an
experiment, which might be caused by situation noise, individual
differences, or measurement error. Also called error variance,
unsystematic variance

53
Q

measurement error

A

The degree to which the recorded measure for a participant on some
variable differs from the true value of the variable for that
participant. Measurement errors may be random, such that scores that
are too high and too low cancel each other out; or they may be
systematic, such that most scores are biased too high or too low.

54
Q

situation noise

A

Unrelated events or distractions in the external environment that
create unsystematic variability within groups in an experiment

55
Q

power

A

The likelihood that a study will show a statistically significant result
when an independent variable truly has an effect in the population;
the probability of not making a Type II error

psychology research methods (12 decks)

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