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Psyc 105 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Post hoc fallacy

A

Logical fallacy in which one event seems to be the cause of a litre event because it occurred earlier

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2
Q

Bidirectional influences

A

Emotional experiences, situational, information, and real world knowledge combine to inform observers judgements of both the emotional expressions and the situation

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3
Q

Cohort effect

A

Variations overtime, and one or more Characteristics, among groups of individuals, defined by some shared experience, such as a year or decade of birth years of a specific exposure

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4
Q

Cross-sectional design

A

Research that involves different groups of people who did not share the same variable of interest

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5
Q

Longitudinal design

A

Researchers repeatedly examine the same individuals to detect any changes that may occur over a long period

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6
Q

Gene environment interactions

A

The interplay of genes, and the physical and social environment

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7
Q

Nurture via nature

A

Describe the importance of both nature and nurture in the survival of living systems

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8
Q

Zygote

A

The union of a sperm and egg cell

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9
Q

Blastocyst

A

A cluster of dividing cells made by a fertilized egg

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10
Q

Embryo

A

The early developmental stage of an animal, while it is in the egg or within the uterus of the mother

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11
Q

Fetus

A

An off spring of a human or other mammal in the stages of prenatal development to follow the embryo stage

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12
Q

Teratogens

A

A substance that can cause, abnormalities or birth defects in a developing fetus

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13
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Involuntary muscle response to stimulation of the babies mouth

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14
Q

Menarche

A

The first on coming of menstruation

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15
Q

Spermarche

A

The time at which a male encounters his first ejaculation

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16
Q

Stage like changes

A

Infancy, toddler hood, preschool years, early school years, adolescence

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17
Q

Infancy stage

A

Trust versus mistrust

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18
Q

Toddler hood

A

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

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19
Q

Preschool years

A

Initiative versus guilt

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20
Q

Early school years

A

Industry versus inferiority

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21
Q

Continuous changes

A

Emphasizes the development and changes in individuals occur gradually

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22
Q

Domain general development

A

Suggests that humans are born with mechanisms in the brain that exist support and guide learning on a broad level

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23
Q

Domain specific development

A

Suggests that we have many different, independent specialized knowledge structures, rather than just one

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24
Q

Assimilation

A

Children makes sense of the world by applying what they already know

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25
Accommodation
What occurs when new information or experiences cause you to alter your existing schema
26
Piaget stages
A level of moral development in action that proceeds heteronomous and autonomous meaning
27
Sensorimotor stage
Takes place within the first two years of life Children are discovering the difference between themselves and their environments
28
Object permanence
Understanding that items and people still exist even when you can’t see or hear them
29
Mental representation
Objects structures in the mind with semantic properties, containing information that allow us to make sense of an understand stimuli
30
Preoperational stage
Toddler to seven Young children can think about things, symbolically, language becomes more mature, understand the difference between past and future
31
Egocentrism
A child has difficulty understanding life from any other perspective than their own
32
Concrete operations
Ages 7 to 11 Children have a great understanding of knowledge, logic, reversibility, and conservation ism
33
Conservation
A logical, thinking ability, meaning that knowing that a quantity does not change, if it’s being altered
34
Formal operations
Characterized by the ability to formulate hypotheses, systematically test them, and arrive at an answer to a problem
35
Mental operations
The ability to accurately imagine the consequences of something without it, needing to happen
36
Scaffolding
A process that enables a child to solve a problem, carry out a task, or achieve a goal that would be beyond his unassisted efforts
37
Zone of proximal development
Represents the space between with a learners capable of doing unsupported, and what the learner cannot do even with support
38
Theory of mind
Refers to the capacity to understand other people buy ascribing mental states to them
39
Temperament
An aspect of personality concerned with the emotional dispositions and reactions and their speed an intensity
40
Easy temperament
Children that tend to be easy-going, calm, and adaptive , and have regular eating and sleeping habits
41
Difficult temperament
Children who are characterized by negative mood, withdrawal, low adaptability, high intensity, and low regularity
42
Slow to warm up
Uneasy, or cautious in a new situation or unfamiliar people
43
Behavioural inhibition
Temperament or personality styles that rely on the tendency to feel distressed or fear, and withdraw, when faced with novel, environments, situation, or people
44
The strange situation
Laboratory procedures that test so babies or young children, respond to the temporary absence of their mothers
45
Attachment styles
Specific patterns of behaviour in and around relationships
46
Secure attachment
A form of attachment were a child, feels comforted by the presence of their caregivers Children feel protected, and that they have someone to rely on
47
Insecure attachment
An individual relationship can be insecure when it contains elements of mistrust together with anxious or avoiding elements and lacks a secure base
48
Insecure avoidant attachment
Children appear to manage their distress and do not strongly signalled a need for comfort.
49
Insecure, anxious attachment
Rooted in fear of abandonment and insecurity about being under appreciated
50
Disorganized
Children are more vulnerable to stress and find it difficult to regulate positive and negative emotions
51
Parenting styles
Pattern of behaviour that a parent uses when interacting with, and raising their child
52
Permissive parenting style
Child, driven, rarely gives enforcement or rules, overindulge his child to avoid conflict
53
Authoritarian parenting style
Parent driven, set, strict rules and punishment, one-way communication, little communication of the child’s social, emotional and behavioural needs
54
Authoritative, parenting style
Solves problems together with a child sets clear rules and expectations, open communication and natural consequences
55
Uninvolved parenting style
Provided a little nurturance or guidance, and difference of a child’s social, emotional and behavioural needs
56
Transgender experience
Transgender people are more vulnerable to symptoms of depression and anxiety due to the social stress endure
57
Ericksons idea of psychological crisis
An existential challenge, that people experience several times throughout their lives, and such experiences will influence peoples personality and identity development
58
Kohlbergs levels of morality
Theory asserting that individuals progress through three stages of moral reasoning from infancy to early adulthood
59
Preconventional
Earliest period of moral development, marked by a focus on punishment and reward
60
Conventional
Marked by a focus on societal values, what society disapproves and approves of
61
Post conventional
Marked by a focus on internal moral principles that transcend society

Psyc 105 (8 decks)

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