chapter 10

Question 1

Motive

Answer 1

Internal state that arouses and directs behaviour towards a specific object or goal

Question 2

Motive is caused

Answer 2

by a deficit, a lack of something

Question 3

Motives differ

Answer 3

Motives differ from each other in type and amount

Question 4

motives operate

Answer 4

through conscious or unconscious mental processes that generate intrapsychic influence on behaviour

Question 5

Motives are based on

Answer 5

needs:
- States of tension within a person
- As a need is satisfied, tension is reduced
Motives propel people to perceive, think and act in ways that serve to satisfy the need

Question 6

Why motives are part of the intrapsychic domain

Answer 6

1.Motivational psychologists stress the importance of internal psychological needs and urges that propel people to think, perceive and act in predictable ways
2. Motives can be unconscious
3. Reliance on projective techniques

Question 7

Need - Henry Murray

Answer 7

is the readiness to respond in a specific manner under particular circumstances involves the organization of actions to fulfill a need, compelling individuals to take necessary steps. These needs create a state of tension, and their satisfaction serves to alleviate that tension. It’s the ongoing process of tension reduction through satisfying actions.

Question 8

Need- Murray proposed

Answer 8

list of fundamental human needs. Each individual possesses a distinct hierarchy of needs, each associated with specific desires, intentions, emotions, and corresponding action. These needs exist at varying levels of strength within a person, forming a unique and dynamic motivational structure.

Question 9

what are the list of needs - Murray proposed

Answer 9

1. AMBITION NEEDS
   -Achievement: To master, manipulate, accomplish difficult tasks rapidly and independently and overcome obstacles and excel.
   - Exhibition: To be seen and heard, to be the centre of attention. To make an impression on others and amaze.
   - order: To putthings in orderly arrangement, to desire cleanliness, organization.
2. NEEDS TO DEFEND STATUS
   - Dominance: To control one’s environment, particularly the social environment.
3. NEEDS RELATED TO SOCIAL POWER
   - Abasement: To accept injury, criticism and blame.
   - Aggression: To forcefully punish or oppose another.
   - Autonomy: To avoid being dominated.
   - Blame-Avoidance: To avoid humiliation at all costs.
4. SOCIAL AFFECTION NEEDS
   - Affiliation: To please and win affection of those you like.
   - Nurturance: To assist persons ind a n g e r .To help, support, console, protect, comfort, nurse, feed and heal others.
   - Succour: To receive aid from others.

Question 10

Press - Need-relevant aspects of the environment

Answer 10

• Alpha press: Objective reality
• Beta press: Perceived reality
  What one person sees may be different from what other people see

Question 11

TAT?

Answer 11

Thematic Apperception Technique

Question 12

Apperception and the TAT

Answer 12

Presumption that a person projects current needs and motives into the interpretation of a picture

Question 13

Self-Determination Theory

Answer 13

A framework that considers how needs and press come together to guide someone’s behaviour

Question 14

The Big Three Motives

Answer 14

• Need for Achievement (nAch)
• Need for Power (nPow)
• Need for Intimacy (nlnt)

Question 15

Need for Achievement (nAch)

Answer 15

People who have a high need for achievement:
- Prefer activities that offer some, but not too much, challenge
- Enjoy tasks where they are personally responsible for the outcome
- Prefer tasks where feedback on their performance is available

Question 16

Need for Power (nPow)

Answer 16

• Readiness or preference for having an impact on people
• People with a high nPow are interested in controlling situations and controlling others

Question 17

people with high need for power

Answer 17

nPow correlates positively with having arguments with others, taking larger risks, behaving assertively etc.

Question 18

people with low need for power

Answer 18

People with a high nPow do not deal well with frustration and conflict and show strong stress responses, including high blood pressure

Question 19

Need for Intimacy (nlnt)

Answer 19

Recurrent preference or readiness for warm, close, communicative interactions with others

Question 20

Humanistic Tradition: The Motive to Self-Actualize

Answer 20

The focus lies on heightened awareness of personal needs, choice, and individual responsibility, diverging from psychoanalysis by emphasizing positive growth towards desired human potential.

Question 21

Humanistic Tradition: The Motive to Self-Actualize

Answer 21

Much of motivation is viewed through the lens of a need for personal growth and fulfillment, striving to become one’s true self. In the humanistic tradition, the drive for self-actualization is perceived as independent of deficiencies, emphasizing a positive and proactive pursuit of one’s potential without being rooted in a sense of lack or inadequacy.

Question 22

Rogers’ Contributions

Answer 22

Focused on ways to foster and attain self- actualization

Question 23

Fully functioning person:

Answer 23

Person who is on his or her way to self-
actualization

Question 24

People who are not moving forward in terms of self-actualization

Answer 24

experience episodes of anxiety

Question 25

Client-Centred Therapy

Answer 25

• Rogers’ approach to therapy
• Designed to get a person back on path towards self-actualization

Question 26

Three core conditions for therapeutic progress:

Answer 26

• Must be an atmosphere of genuine acceptance of the client by the therapist
• Therapist must express unconditional positive regard for the client
• Empathic understanding: Client must feel that the therapist understands him or her

Question 27

Motives can be used to

Answer 27

to explain why people do what they do

Question 28

Motive explanations imply

Answer 28

a goal that pulls people to think, act and feel in certain ways

Question 29

he need to self-actualize is

Answer 29

a distinct tradition in the psychology of motivation, different from the tradition that emphasizes deficit motivation