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Nutr-100 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

A

Any disease that affects the heart or blood vessels

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2
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

a group of diseases characterized by a narrowing, or “hardening” of the arteries

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3
Q

atherosclerosis

A

a special type of arteriosclerosis that results in arterial blockage due to build up of a fatty deposit (called atherosclerotic plaque) inside the blood vessel

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4
Q

coronary heart disease (CHD)

A

also called coronary artery disease, the result of atherosclerotic plaque blocking one or more coronary arteries (the blood vessels that supply the heart)

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5
Q

heart attack

A

stoppage of blood flow to the heart resulting in the death of heart cells: also called myocardial infarction

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6
Q

stoke

A

brain damage that occurs when the blood supply to the brain is reduced for a prolonged period of time

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7
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure

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8
Q

arrhythmia

A

irregular heartbeat

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9
Q

low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

A

A combination of protein, fat, and cholesterol in the blood, composed of relatively large amounts of cholesterol. LDLs promote the fatty plaque accumulation in the coronary arteries that leads to heart disease: also called “bad” cholesterol

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10
Q

high-density lipoproteins (HDL)

A

a combination of protein, fat, and cholesterol in the blood, composed of relatively large amounts of protein. Protects against the fatty plaque accumulation in the coronary arteries that leads to hear disease: also called “good” cholesterol

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11
Q

Cardiovascular disease is most common in these types of countries

A

industrialized

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12
Q

The total estimated lost wages, medical expenses, and other related costs of CVD in the united states

A

444 billion in 2010

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13
Q

Over the next twenty years this percent of the US population with have some form of CVD, which will do this to the medical costs of managing heart disease

A

40%, triple it

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14
Q

This is the number one cause of death in the US

A

CVD

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15
Q

CVD accounts for this ratio of deaths in the US

A

nearly 1 in every 2

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16
Q

This many adults have one or more forms of CVD

A

83 miillion

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17
Q

This many people die annually from CVD

A

1 million

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18
Q

This is the leading cause of death in men between the ages of 35 and 44, and is increasing in women

A

CVD

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19
Q

What is the projected increase in health care cost of CVD in the US from 2010-30

A

300%

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20
Q

Four most common forms of CVD

A

arteriosclerosis, coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension

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21
Q

T/F: Before age 50, men are more likely to die of a heart attack then woman

A

T

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22
Q

T/F: after age 65 the risk of a heart attack in woman increases

A

T

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23
Q

These materials contribute to the build up of plaque in the blood vessels

A

cholesterol, cellular debris, fibrin, and calcium

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24
Q

This disease begins in childhood, with symptoms appearing later in life

A

atherosclerosis

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25
The development of this within the arteries that supply blood to the heart is the cause of almost all heart attacks
atherosclerosis
26
atherosclerosis is the cause of almost all of these
heart attacks
27
Angina pectoris is caused by this
A major coronary artery becoming more than 75% blocked
28
Angina pectoris means this
chest pain
29
Angina occurs most frequently during these events
exercise, or emotional stress
30
When coronary arteries become blocked this occurs
lack of oxygen due to restricted blood flow will lead to damaged muscle tissue
31
If a coronary artery is severely blocked this can occur
a blood clot can form around the layer of plaque, potentially causing a complete block of blood flow to the heart, resulting in a heart attack
32
A heart attack results in the death of heart muscle cells here
in the left ventricle
33
Severity of the heart attack is measured by this
how many heart muscle cells are damaged
34
The number of cells destroyed during a heart attack determines this
the patient's chances of recovery
35
This percent of heart attack victims die within the first hour
40%
36
A blocked artery in the brain can result in this
a stroke
37
This many Americans are estimated to suffer a stroke each year
790,000
38
This is a common cause of stoke, but strokes can also occur this way
blockage due to atherosclerosis of arteries leading to the brain, blood vessel in the brain ruptures and disturbs normal blood flow to that region of the brain
39
A stroke results in this
the death of brain cells
40
The severity of a stroke is slight or severe depending on these factors
the location and number of brain cells damaged
41
Minor strokes may involve these complication
loss of memory, speech problems, disturbed vision, and mild paralysis in the extremities
42
severe strokes may result in these complications
major paralysis and/or death
43
Blood pressure is this
the force blood exerts against the artery walls
44
Blood pressure is expressed with these two numbers
systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure
45
systolic blood pressure
pressure when the heart contracts
46
diastolic blood pressure
pressure when the heart relaxes
47
Normal resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure is ____ and ____ respectivly
120 mm Hg and 80 mm Hg
48
Clinical hypertension is defined as a resting blood pressure of over
140 mm Hg systolic or 90 mm Hg diastolic
49
Chronic high blood pressure can result in this
damage to the lining of arteries, resulting in atherosclerosis and increasing the risk of CHD and stroke
50
These factors can increase your risk of hypertension
lack of regular exercise, a high-salt diet, obesity, chronic stress, family history, gender and race
51
T/F; Whites have a higher risk of hypertension then blacks
F
52
The American Heart Association estimates that apporiximately this many people suffer from hypertension
1/3
53
Hypertension is often called this because
the "silent killer" because its symptoms may go undiagnosed for years without proper testing
54
Some symptoms of hypertension are
severe headaches or dizziness, but may not show up in everyone
55
(4) common signs of heart attack
1. Mild-moderate chest pain that spreads to the shoulders, neck or arms 2. Uncomfortable pressure or feeling of 'fullness' in the chest 3. severe pain in the chest 4. dizziness, fainting, sweating, nausea, or shortness of breath
56
(9) Major risk factors associated with development of CHD and stroke according to the AHA are
1. smoking 2. hypertension 3. high blood cholesterol levels 4. physical inactivity 5. obesity and being overweight 6. diabetes mellitus 7. heredity 8. gender 9. increasing age
57
A smokers risk of developing CHD is this much more likely than at nonsmoker
twice
58
This is considered the biggest risk factor for sudden death due to cardiac arrest, heart attack, or irregular heartbeat
smoking
59
T/F: Second hand smoke is just as dangerous as first hand
T
60
T/F: Smokers are no more likely to die suddenly from at heart attack then nonsmokers
F
61
T/F: Smoking promotes the development of atherosclerosis in peripheral blood vessels
T
62
(4) ways smoking influences your risk for CHD
1. Nicotine increases heart rate and blood pressure 2. It increases the stickiness of the platelets in your blood 3. Nicotine influences the way your heart behaves 4. increased risk of atherosclerosis
63
T/F: Women who smoke and take birth control are more likely to have a stroke then women you don't smoke
T
64
Ethnicity, gender, age, and socioeconomic status affect this
the risk of developing cardiovascular disease
65
Hypertension contributes to CHD in this way
by accelerating the rate of atherosclerosis development
66
Daily required sodium for most people is
less then 1/4 teaspoon, or 400mg per day
67
Currently many U.S. citizens consume more than this amount of salt per day
6 teaspoons, or 12,000 mg
68
T/F: Athletes and laborers who lose large amounts of water and electrolytes via sweat often require more then 1.5 teaspoons (3000 mg) sodium each day
F
69
This is reconized as an excellent approach to prevent and lower hypertension
DASH
70
DASH stands for this
Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension
71
T/F: Cholesterol is a primary risk factory for CHD
T
72
T/F: cholesterol is soluble in blood
F
73
Combination of cholesterol and protein result in these two forms of cholesterol:
LDL, and HDL
74
T/F: HDL is bad, while LDL is good
F
75
A total blood cholesterol concentration of less than this indicates a low risk of developing CHD, where a concentration greater then this indicates a high risk
200mg/dl, 240mg/dl
76
This many people in the US have a total blood cholesterol above 240mg/dl
34 million
77
Lowering blood LDL levels can reduce risk of heart disease by this percent
40%
78
Blood LDL levels blow this are good, and above this are bad
100mg/dl, 190mg/dl
79
T/F: The presence of HDL can lower LDL levels
T
80
Below this level of HDL is concidered undesireable, but over this is concidered to high
40mg/dl, 60 mg/dl
81
T/F: Even actions as small as taking the stairs can lower your risk of CHD
T
82
This percent of people with diabetes will die from some form of cardiovascular disease
75%
83
T/F: Even with no other risk factors, overweight and obese individuals are more likely to develop CHD
T
84
Waist to hip circumference ratios greater then this for men, and this for women indicate a significant risk for development of CHD
1.0 for men and .8 for women
85
T/F: Children from parents with CHD are no more likely to develop CHD then children from parents without CHD
F
86
T/F: People with a history of CHD are doomed to die from CHD
F
87
This hormone in women lowers the risk for CHD in woman up to this point in their lives
estrogen, menopause
88
T/F: After menopause woman have a greater risk of CHD then do men
F
89
Estrogen may do this for women to reduce their risk of CHD
elevate HDL cholesterol
90
Up to this age men have a greater risk of developing CHD and stroke then do women
55
91
This percent of people who die from CHD are older than 65 years
80%
92
Most people that have strokes are over the age of
55
93
(3) Contributory risk factors from developing CHD
1. Stress 2. alcohol consumption 3. diet and nutrition
94
The physiological connection between stress and hypertension appears to be
stress-induced release of hormones that elevate blood pressure
95
People that drink to much alcohol are more like to suffer from these conditions
high blood pressure, heart failure, and stroke
96
This is the US's greatest threat to life expectancy
Heart Disease
97
T/F: Incidence of heat disease have increased in recent years
F
98
This many of the major risk factors for heart disease can be modified by behaivor
6 of the 9
99
You can modify this percent of CHD risk factors to reduce your risk of developing cardiovascular disease
70%
100
T/F: ingesting saturated fats increases cholesterol synthesis in the liver
T
101
Cholesterol lowering drugs are called this
statins
102
Even simply walking this amount has been shown to lower the risk of developing CHD
30 minutes, 3-5 times per week
103
Studies reveal that risk of death from CHD decreases as the total physical activity energy expenditure increases from this level to this level
500 to 3500 kilocaleries per week
104
T/F: Not only is exercise important, but so is the intensity
T
105
T/F: even sporadic bouts of exercise, 3-4 days per month will reduce the risk of CHD
F, regular endurance exercise, 3 or more days per week
106
This group is at the greatest risk of developing diabetes
Native and latino americans
107
This group is at the greatest risk of developing hypertension
african americans
108
A diet low in this will help lower blood pressure
sodium
109
regular exercise has been shown to improve this in the blood of most people
blood lipid profiles

Nutr-100 (11 decks)

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