chapter 10

Question 1

monosaccharides are….

Answer 1

aldehydes or ketones that contain two or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups

Question 2

the smallest monosaccharides are composed of

Answer 2

3 carbons (triose)

Question 3

constitutional isomer

Answer 3

specific types of isomers that share the same molecular formula but have different bonding atomic organization and bonding patterns

Question 4

stereoisomer

Answer 4

isomers that differ in spatial arrangement of atoms, rather than order of atomic connectivity

Question 5

list the 6 common monosaccharides

Answer 5

D-ribose, D-Deoxyribose, D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose, D-fructose

Question 6

aldehyde + alcohol =

Answer 6

hemiacetal

Question 7

ketone + alcohol =

Answer 7

hemiketal

Question 8

glucose + alcohol =

Answer 8

6 carbon ring pyranose

Question 9

fructose + alcohol =

Answer 9

five carbon ring furanose

Question 10

formation of cyclic hemiacetal creates

Answer 10

anomer

Question 11

a form means

Answer 11

hydroxyl at C-1 is on the opposite side as C-6

Question 12

b form means

Answer 12

hydroxyl at C-1 is on the same side as C-6

Question 13

sugars that react with oxidizing agents are called

Answer 13

reducing sugars

Question 14

fehling’s solution

Answer 14

deep blue alkaline solution which is used to identify the presence of aldehydes or groups that contain any aldehyde functional group -CHO

Question 15

glycoside

Answer 15

product of the bond formed between the anomeric carbon atom and an oxygen atom of an alcohol (called an O-glycosidic bond)

Question 16

N-glycosidic bond

Answer 16

bond formed between the anomeric carbon and an amine

Question 17

oligosaccharides

Answer 17

contain two or more monosaccharides linked by O-glycosidic bond

Question 18

sucrose

Answer 18

a glucose linked to b fructose
non-reducing sugar

Question 19

lactose

Answer 19

galactose linked to fructose by B-1-4 linkage

Question 20

maltose

Answer 20

two glucose molecules linked by a-1-4 linkage
reducing sugar

Question 21

polysaccharides

Answer 21

glycogen - storage form of glucose in animal cells

Question 22

glucose in plants

Answer 22

stored as starch - two forms:
-amylose + amylopectin

Question 23

cellulose

Answer 23

homopolymer of glucose
B - straight chain
a - hollow cylinders for storage

Question 24

glycoprotein

Answer 24

carbohydrate linked to protein

Question 25

3 main classes of glycoproteins

Answer 25

glycoproteins, proteoglycans, mucins or mucoproteins

Question 26

glycoproteins

Answer 26

protein is largest component membrane proteins - main function

Question 27

proteoglycans

Answer 27

carbohydrate (sugar) is the main component structural role/lubricant - main function

Question 28

mucins/mucoproteins

Answer 28

carbohydrate (sugar) is main component lubricant - main function

Question 29

in all classes of glycoproteins, how are carbohydrates attached to proteins

Answer 29

carbohydrates attached to nitrogen atom in side chain of asparagine (asn) or oxygen atom in side chain of threonine (thr) or serine (ser)

Question 30

three amino acids of protein that carbohydrates attach to in glycoprotein

Answer 30

asparagine (asn), serine (ser), threonine (thr)

Question 31

what is cartilage made of

Answer 31

proteoglycan aggrecan and collagen