Chapter 10

Question 1

What is gender identity, and what influences it in preschoolers?

Answer 1

Gender identity is the perception of oneself as either male or female. It is influenced by parents (especially fathers), media, peers, and teachers.

Question 2

How do fathers influence gender identity in preschoolers?

Answer 2

Fathers are more likely to engage in rough-and-tumble play with sons, encourage gender-typical play, and focus on achievements (especially in boys).

Question 3

What impact does parental absence have on gender identity?

Answer 3

Paternal absence may lead to less stereotypical gender identity, particularly in boys, while maternal absence can result in low self-esteem and difficulties forming relationships.

Question 4

How does media influence gender identity in preschoolers?

Answer 4

Children’s books are less stereotypical today, but males on TV tend to be more aggressive. Higher TV exposure is linked to more reinforced gender stereotypes

Question 5

How do peers influence gender identity in preschoolers?

Answer 5

Preschoolers prefer same-sex playmates and are critical of peers who engage in cross-gender play.

Question 6

What are the stages of gender role development in preschoolers?

Answer 6

Onset of gender identity around 3 years, understanding gender stability around 4 years, and understanding gender consistency from 4-7 years.

Question 7

What is the Gender Schema Theory?

Answer 7

This theory suggests sex differences are used to organize the world. Girls have a better memory for feminine concepts, while boys have a better memory for masculine concepts.

Question 8

What are the different parenting styles and their outcomes?

Answer 8

Authoritative: Best outcomes, high self-esteem, academic competence.

Authoritarian: Low self-esteem, low academic competence, anxious.

Permissive-Indulgent: Less academically competent, good social skills.

Indifferent-Uninvolved: Low self-esteem, poor social and academic competence.

Question 9

How do siblings impact each other’s development in preschoolers?

Answer 9

Firstborns are more adult-oriented, while later borns are more innovative and popular. Sibling conflict can help build interpersonal skills.

Question 9

What factors influence sibling relationships?

Answer 9

Sibling relationships are influenced by sex (same-sex get along better), age (closer age get along better), differences in temperament, and parenting preferences.

Question 10

What is moral development in preschoolers?

Answer 10

Moral development involves learning self-control, resisting temptation (e.g., marshmallow test), and understanding moral rules such as lying.