Chapter 10

Question 1

Cell cycle(vocab)

Answer 1

A pattern of growth
Sequence of stages in the life of a cell

Question 2

What limits cell growth?

Answer 2

Available space and nutrient
The size of any cell is limited by its surface area to volume ratio

Question 3

Asexual reproduction

Answer 3

Requires only 1 organism and creates an offspring that is genetically identical
Binary fission-prokaryote splits into 2
Budding-create an offspring off themselves and falls off
Spores
Fragmentation-parent organism breaks into pieces and each piece grows into a new organism

Question 4

Sexual reproduction

Answer 4

-Requires 2 parent organism
-Involves the uniting of gametes(reproductive cells)creates diploid zygote which turns into a offspring
-Diversity
2 types(internal and external fertilization)
Fertilization-fusion of gametes during sexual reproduction

Question 5

Sister chromatids(vocab)

Answer 5

Identical copies of each chromosome made during S phase

Question 6

Interphase(vocab)

Answer 6

g1,s,g2 phases
Period of growth and preparation for division

Question 7

M phase/mitosis(vocab)

Answer 7

The division of the cell’s nucleus followed by the division of the cell
Mitosis is the splitting of the cells nucleus
Prophase, metaphase,anaphase, and telophase

Question 8

Cytokinesis(vocab)

Answer 8

The process that divides the cytoplasm during cellular division after mitosis

Question 9

DNA replication(vocab)

Answer 9

The copying of dna during s phase

Question 10

DNA polymerase(vocab)

Answer 10

DNA polymerase is an enzyme that creates a new complementary DNA strand by adding nucleotides to the parent template during DNA replication.

Question 11

Checkpoints(vocab)

Answer 11

Checkpoints are stages where regulatory proteins monitor the cell cycle to ensure the cell is healthy before and during mitosis.

Question 12

Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases(CDK)

Answer 12

Enzymes that become active when bonded w/cyclins
Helps initiate chemical reactions for the cell to move on the cycle

Specialized protein that regulate the checkpoint

Question 13

Cancer

Answer 13

Causes tumors
Created by uncontrolled growth/division of cells

Question 14

Stem cells(vocab)

Answer 14

Cell that can develop into a variety of different cell types

Question 15

Cell differentiation(vocab)

Answer 15

The process when a cell develops into a specific type of cell

Question 16

Homeotic genes

Answer 16

Genes that direct the development of body parts in the right places(blue prints)
Regulate early embryonic development

Question 17

What do histone proteins do

Answer 17

Coil and organize dna into chromosomes

Question 18

What phase is dna copied in?

Answer 18

The S(synthesis) phase

Question 19

Which phase do cells spend most of the cell cycle?

Answer 19

Interphase-when the cell grows, copies DNA, and prepares for division

Question 20

In sexual reproduction,what does the zygote have during fertilization?

Answer 20

It is the first cell of a new organism and carries all the instructions(dividing and growing into an embryo)
Has 2 sets of homologous chromosomes

Question 21

What do cells check during the M checkpoint?

Answer 21

Chromosomes

Question 22

Explain the cell cycle(simple)

Answer 22

The cell cycle is the process cells go through to grow,copy their dna, and divide into 2 new cells
4 main stages
G1 phase-the cell grows and checks if its ready to copy DNA
S phase-cell copies its DNA
G2 phase-cell prepares for division and make sure the new dna
M phase-cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells
Repeats

Question 23

If an environment is very stable and does not change much over time, which form of reproduction is better and why?

Answer 23

Asexual reproduction because of faster reproduction and genetic consistency
Since the environment doesn’t change much, genetic variation isn’t really needed

Question 24

What cell cycle stages are visible under a microscope?

Answer 24

The m phase
The interphase is not clearly visible

Question 25

How is each stage of interphase important to cell division?

Answer 25

Prepares the cell for mitosis G1-cell grows(nutrients) S phase-cell copy dna G2-cell grows more and checks new copied dna

Question 26

What are the functions of primase, helicase, dna polymerase, and dna ligase in DNA replication

Answer 26

Helicase-unzips the dna and creates a replication fork where new dna strands form Primase-adds a rna primer to start dna synthesis(dna polymerase needs this to start copying dna) DNA polymerase-builds new dna strands and proofreads and fix errors DNA ligase-seals gaps between Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand

Question 27

Steps of mitosis(diagram)

Answer 27

1)Prophase-chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down, and mitotic spindle begins to form 2)Metaphase-Chromosomes line up int eh middle of the cell(mitotic spindle) 3)Anaphase-chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite ends(micro tubules) 4)telephase-2 new necio form and cell splits

Question 28

Why must the cell cycle be regulated, what role do cyclins and cdk play in regulation

Answer 28

To maintain homeostasis and the cell divides accurately without problems

Question 29

If a bug is growing legs where wings should be, what happened during the bugs development?

Answer 29

A mutation in the homeotic gene

Question 30

Why is cancer called a disease of the cell cycle?

Answer 30

Called a disease because they form when cells lose control over their growth and division Causes tumors

Question 31

Where would you target a medication to stop the cycle before the dna replicates

Answer 31

The dna replicates at the S phase so you should target the g1 phase(before replication