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Ecology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is life history?

A

lifetime pattern of growth, development, and reproduction

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2
Q

What are some trade-offs? (5)

A
  • mode of reproduction
  • age of reproduction
  • number and size of eggs
  • young or seeds produced
  • timing of reproduction
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3
Q

What are trade-off constraints?

A

physiology, energetic, and habitat

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4
Q

What extrinsic factors affect life history?

A
  • physical environment and predators/ competitors
    • affects age-specific rates, like mortality
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5
Q

What intrinsic factors affect life history?

A

phylogeny, development patterns, genetics, and physiology

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6
Q

What are 4 examples of asexual reproduction?

A
  • strawberries spreading by stolons
  • paramecium splitting
  • hydras produce buds
  • aphids emerge from unfertilized eggs (parthenogenesis)
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7
Q

How might asexual species reproduce sexually, and 2 examples?

A
  • environmental changes
    • hydras turn sexual during warmer seasons, and go dormant and asexual during winter
    • aphids can produce winged females to migrate sexually
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8
Q

What are tradeoffs for asexual reproduction? (3)

A
  • genetic clones
  • high population growth
  • loss of genetic recombination
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9
Q

What are sexual tradeoffs? (5)

A
  • genetic variability
  • only half the genes are passed
  • specialized reproductive organs that do not have a direct relationship to survival
  • energetically expensive to produce gametes, court, and mate
  • females have to use more energy to produce eggs
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10
Q

What are dioecious species?

A

having a male and a female form

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11
Q

What are hermaphrodites, and what do hermaphroditic plants possess?

A
  • male and female parts on same organism
    • perfect flowers
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12
Q

What are simultaneous hermaphrodites, and an examples?

A
  • having both sex parts at the same time
    • earthworms
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13
Q

What are sequential hermaphrodites, and what are examples?

A
  • switching sexes during lifcycle
    • mollusks, echinoderms, and fish
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14
Q

What are monoecious plants, and what do they have?

A
  • separate male and female flowers on the same plant
    • imperfect flowers
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15
Q

What are example of cost of reproduction in terms of increased probability of future survival? (2)

A
  • high cost of parental care and feeding can result in higher mortality rates
  • one reproductive event may use so much energy that they may lose body mass and immune function
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16
Q

example of direct relationship between body size and fecundity

A

early reproduction produces fewer offspring

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17
Q

What does natural selection favor regarding maturity and amount of offspring? (3)

A
  • natural selection favors individuals whose age at maturity results in the greatest number of offsprings produced
    • early reproduction when low adult survival
    • delayed reproduction when low juvenile survival
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18
Q

What are 2 costs of delaying maturity?

A
  • increased risk of death before reproduction
  • death before advantage of increased fecundity is fully realized
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19
Q

What is fecundity?

A

number of offspring produced per unit of time

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20
Q

What is reproductive effort?

A

energetic cost of a reproductive event

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21
Q

Examples of reproductive effort? (6)

A
  • gonad development
  • movement to spawning area
  • competition for mates
  • nesting
  • parental care
  • herbaceous perennials (seasonal) have low expenditure when compared to grains
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22
Q

What is a tradeoff for reproductive effort? (2)

A

as reproductive effort increases, offspring increases, but offspring survival decreases

as reproductive effort increases, parental survival decreases

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23
Q

When is fitness of parent highest?

A

fitness of parent is highest at an intermediate reproductive investment- especially for those who reproduce repeatedly

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24
Q

why does larger amount of offsprings means lower investment? (4)

A
  • no parental care
  • no energy in seeds
  • disturbed, unpredictable environment or open oceans
  • reptiles and fish
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25
What is altricial?
young born in a helpless condition and require care
26
What is precocial?
long incubation or gestation to produced advanced birthed young
27
What is parental care highly developed in?
social insects
28
What is iteroparous?
organisms that produce offspring more than once
29
What is semelparous, an example, and where its found?
- investment of energy in growth, followed by one massive reproductive effort, and then death - salmon and some bamboos - small, short-lived, and disturbed habitat
30
Why might semelparity be fit?
- high adult mortality relative to juvenile mortality - once mature, it may not survive long
31
Why might iteroparity be fit?
surviving into maturity is favorable
32
What does phenotypic variation arise from?
genotypic variation and the environment
33
What is an example of life history phenotypic plasticity?
age and size at maturity
34
What is a mating system?
pattern of mating between sexes in a population
35
What is monogamy, and what is a prevalent in?
long-lasting pair bond prevalent in birds and rate in mammals
36
Why is monogamy rare mammals?
males in mammals often contribute nothing, so not fit to form pair bonds
37
Why is monogamy important in mammals?
cooperation of both parents is needed to raise young
38
What is polygamy?
two or more mates by one individual
39
What is polygyny?
individual male pairs with 2 or more females
40
What is polyandry?
female pairs with 2 or more males
41
When is polygamy fit?
fit for populations with short sexual periods and for when resources are distributed sparsely
42
Wbat is promiscuity?
mates with different partners with no pair bonds
43
What is outcrossing?
plant primary mating system where pollen from one fertilizers another
44
What is autogamy?
self-fertilization in plants
45
What factors affect mating system? (4)
- competition - courtship - territorial defense - parental care
46
What the major energetic expenditure for males?
finding a mate
47
What is sexual dimorphism?
difference in traits in the same sex
48
What is intrasexual selection?
- male-to-male competition for mate - larger or more exaggerated features are selected
49
What is intersexaul selection?
- differential attractiveness of individuals of one sex to another - shown through displays
50
What does female select for intersexual selection?
- female selects mate passed on phenotype - these traits may be correlated with better health, and genetics
51
How might a female choose mate?
based on resources, habitat, or territories
52
What kind of males are selected?
males that can defend and acquire territories are selected
53
What is fast-slow continuum hypothesis?
selective forces imposed by mortality at different stages of the lifestyle continuum of high to low adult mortality
54
What are traits of high mortality? (4)
shorter life cycles, faster development, early maturity, and higher fecundity
55
What are r-strategists?
per capita rate of growth
56
What are r-strategists? (9)
- short-lived species - high reproductive rate - low population density - rapid development - small size - larger number of offspring with low survival - minimal parental care - temporary habitats with limited resources - good colonizers
57
What are k-strategists?
carrying capacity
58
What are traits of k-strategists? (9)
- competitive species with stable populations of long-lived individuals - slower growth rate - delayed and repeated reproduction - larger size - produce few offspring - provides stored nutrients for offspring - mortality stems from density than environment - specialist - poor colonizers
59
What is Grime's life history of plants?
habitat can be classified by stress and disturbance
60
What is stress, and examples?
- conditions that restrict growth - light, water, nutrients, temperature
61
What is a disturbance and examples?
- destruction of biomass - herbivory, disease, natural disasters
62
What is ruderal plants, and traits (2)?
- rapidly colonize disturbed sites - small and short lived - can disperse easily
63
What is competitive plants?
predictable habitat with abundant resources
64
What are stress-tolerant plants?
limited resources

Ecology (11 decks)

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