Chapter 8

Question 1

What do population suggest?

Answer 1

potential for interbreeding

Question 2

What do populations serve as?

Answer 2

serves as a genetic unit

Question 3

What do populations define?

Answer 3

gene pool

Question 4

What do populationsr equire?

Answer 4

spatial boundary

Question 5

What are modular organisms?

Answer 5

a unit of construction producing further, similar modules

Question 6

What is a stolon?

Answer 6

specialized plant stems growing above surface of the substrate (rhizomes are below)

Question 7

What are suckers?

Answer 7

new stems from surface roots

Question 8

What is a genet?

Answer 8

a genetic individual

Question 9

What is a ramet (2), and what is it referred as?

Answer 9

• modules produced asexually
  
  • group referred as clonal colonies
  • may be physically linked or separate

Question 10

How can ramets reproduce?

Answer 10

sexually or asexually

Question 11

What is distribution, and what is it influenced by?

Answer 11

• spatial location over which it occurs
  
  • ## influenced by habitat suitability

Question 12

What is geographic range?

Answer 12

defined area encompassing all individuals of a species

Question 13

What are ubiquitous species?

Answer 13

• ## species with a geographically widespread distribution

Question 14

What is an endemic species?

Answer 14

species with a restricted localized habitat

Question 15

What may limit distribution?

Answer 15

geographic barriers like water, microclimates and mountain ranges

Question 16

What is a subpopulation?

Answer 16

small groups of populations as a result of environmental heterogeneity

Question 17

What is a metapopulation?

Answer 17

spatially separated populations connected through movement of individuals

Question 18

What is abundance?

Answer 18

number of individuals in a population

Question 19

What is population density?

Answer 19

• number of individuals per unit area

Question 20

What are three types population distribution?

Answer 20

random, uniform, or clumped

Question 21

How do uniform and clumped distributions differ, and what kind of animals exhibit them?

Answer 21

• uniform- negative interactions like competition
  
  • common in territorial or competitive plants
• clumped- suitable habitat causes patches of population
  
  • social animals

Question 22

What is ecological denisty?

Answer 22

number of individuals per unit of available living space

Question 23

What is population size?

Answer 23

density x area

Question 24

How would you sample density for sessile units?

Answer 24

quadrats

Question 25

What is the mark recapture formula?

Answer 25

population= (marked*second capture)/ recaptured

Question 26

What is the Lincoln-peterson index, and what does it assume (3)?

Answer 26

- single mark-single recapture - assumes population is random - marked individuals must distribute themselves randomly - ratio of marked and unmarked must not change between sampling periods

Question 27

What are indices of population?

Answer 27

- presence of organism instead of count - recording number of grouse heard along a trail, count of scat, tracks - if observation is a constant relation with population size, it can be used

Question 28

What shows population growth?

Answer 28

relative proportion of each age groups (prereproductive, reproductive, and postreproductive )

Question 29

How do short-lived populations grow?

Answer 29

short-lived populations increase rapidly with short span between populations

Question 30

How can you obtain age data? (4)

Answer 30

mark young individuals and follow them examine carcasses to determine age at death (growth rings) dendrochronology marking individual seedlings

Question 31

drawback of marking young individuals and follow their survival through time

Answer 31

- difficult but most accurate - requires large sample and time

Question 32

What is dendrochronology?

Answer 32

- approximating tree age based on annual growth rings - some use dbh to age, but it is not valid for smaller trees

Question 33

What is seedling marking used for?

Answer 33

nonwoody plants

Question 34

what is an age pyramid?

Answer 34

- snapshot of age structure of a population at some period in time -

Question 35

What is the distribution of an age pyramid in plants?

Answer 35

- distribution is often skewed - older trees inhibit seedlings from growing

Question 36

What is the age distribution and gender mortality in mammals?

Answer 36

- in mammals, older age shifts to female dominance - men have lower due to physiological and behavioral factors - ex- rivalries for dominance

Question 37

What is the gender mortality in birds? (2)

Answer 37

- in birds, males tend to outnumber - nesting female mortality

Question 38

What is dispersal?

Answer 38

movement of individuals in space

Question 39

What are three examples of migration?

Answer 39

- zooplankton moving to lower depths in the day and surface at night - seasonal migrations like earthworm going into deeper soil during winter - some have only one return trip, where salmon spawn in freshwater but return to the sea

Question 40

How do sessile organisms disperse?

Answer 40

gravity, wind, water, and animals

Question 41

What determines plant dispersal? (3)

Answer 41

- distance of organisms travel depends on agents of dispersal - plants often seed near parent, with density falling off quickly with distance - heavy seeds have short dispersals -

Question 42

How do aquatic animals disperse passively?

Answer 42

- larvae being dispersed by moving water

Question 43

Why might animals disperse?

Answer 43

- dispersal can be due to crowding, temeprature change, quality and abundance of food, and photoperiods - often to seek vacant habitat

Question 44

Why is dispersal important?

Answer 44

to establish metapopulation

Question 45

What can dispersal do?

Answer 45

shift or expand species’ geographic range

Question 46

How do animals become introduced (3)?

Answer 46

- initial population becomes established - individuals disperse into suitable habitat - expand distribution as it grows

Question 47

Why might cause range expansion?

Answer 47

temporal changes in environment