chapter 10

Question 1

Carbohydrates

Answer 1

-most abundant biological molecule on the planet

-biosynthesis

-catabolism

-carbon hydrate

-poly-hydroxyl aldehyde (aldose) or poly-hydroxyl ketone (ketose)

-each subunit composed of 3 or more carbons

Question 2

catabolism

Answer 2

= carbon fuels that drive biological processes

Question 3

biosynthesis

Answer 3

= structural building blocks + energy storage

Question 4

carbon hydrate

Answer 4

• reflecting the chemical composition

Question 5

what are the saccarides?

Answer 5

monosaccharides

polysaccharides

oligosaccharides

Question 6

monosaccharides

Answer 6

the basic unit of carbohydrates

synthesized from simpler substances in gluconeogenesis or photosynthesis

-major energy source and components of nucleic acids, and lipid and protein modifications

Question 7

oligosaccharides

Answer 7

consists of a few covalently linked monosaccharides (2~20)

-associated with proteins and lipids

-serve structural and regulatory roles

Question 8

polysaccharides

Answer 8

consists of ~20 or more covalently linked monosaccharides

-structural function in all organisms

-nutritional reserve

Question 9

What are the two monosaccharides?

Answer 9

D-Glyceraldehyde and L-Glyceraldehyde

they are stereoisomers

CHIRAL carbon is asymmetric: 4 different R groups

Question 10

stereoisomers

Answer 10

molecules that have the same molecular formula and the same order of attachment of atoms, but differ in the way their atoms are oriented in space

Question 11

Diastereomers

Answer 11

differ at 2 or more chiral centers (NOT ALL)

-are not mirror images of each other (not identical)

Question 12

Epimers

Answer 12

-differ at one chiral center

-a type of diasteromer

Question 13

examples of epimers

Answer 13

D-Glucose and D-Mannose

Question 14

Enantiomers

Answer 14

differ at all chiral centers (mirror image molecules)

-cannot be superimposed one each other

Question 15

Enantiomers examples

Answer 15

L-Glucose and D- Glucose

Question 16

Hexoses

Answer 16

most biological monosaccharides are in the D orientation at the highest numbered chiral carbon

Question 17

what are hexoses

Answer 17

monosaccharides

-6 carbon atoms

-glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose

-are important sources of energy and building blocks for carbohydrates

Question 18

Alcohols react with aldehydes- to form -

Answer 18

forms hemiacetals (1:1 ratio) and acetals (2:1 ratio)

Question 19

Alcohols react with ketones- to form -

Answer 19

hemiketals (1:1 ratio) and ketals (2:1)

Question 20

aldoses

Answer 20

(>4C)

can react with themselves forming cyclic hemiacetals

Question 21

Ketoses

Answer 21

(>4C)

can react with themselves forming cyclic hemiketals

Question 22

anomeric carbon

Answer 22

carbon atoms that forms a new stereocenter during the cyclization (fromation of a ring) of a sugar molecule

Question 23

anomers

Answer 23

diastereomers that differ in config only at the anomeric carbons

Question 24

saccharides forming 5-6 member rings are referred to as-

Answer 24

furanose and pyranose

Question 25

rings are ______ structures

Answer 25

dynamic

Question 26

hemiacetal or hemiketal carbons are referred to as-

Answer 26

anomeric carbons

Question 27

cyclization can generate two different anomers-

Answer 27

alpha and beta anomers

Question 28

alpha anomers

Answer 28

anomeric carbon OH is on the opposite side of the ring from the CH2OH of the chiral center defining D or L

Question 29

beta anomers

Answer 29

anomeric carbon OH is on the same side of the ring from the CH2OH of the chiral center defining D or L

Question 30

alpha and beta anomeric forms of monosaccharides -

Answer 30

are in equilibrium

Question 31

mutarotation

Answer 31

The change in optical roation of a solution of a cyclic sugar due to a change in equilibrium between alpha and beta anomers, upon dissolution in the aqueous solution

Question 32

when are boat forms observed?

Answer 32

when bulky substituents are present

Question 33

pyranoses adopt "chair" or "boat" conformations due to-

Answer 33

the tetrahedral config of carbon atoms

Question 34

what produces a glycosidic bond?

Answer 34

condensation reaction between anomeric carbon and any other hydroxyl chemical formation of acetal or ketal

Question 35

in disaccharides the glycosidic bond is typically between-

Answer 35

C1 and C4 but bonds between C1 and C6, C1 and C1 are also common

Question 36

naming of a glycosidic bond

Answer 36

a/b - number of anomeric carbon, a/b if also anomeric/ number of alcohol carbon

Question 37

lactose name

Answer 37

-milk sugar b1,4

Question 38

trehalose name

Answer 38

insect hemolymph a1-a1

Question 39

sucrose name

Answer 39

common sugar a1-b2

Question 40

polysaccharides are-

Answer 40

variable in length can be composed of one or more types of monosaccharides can be linear or branched

Question 41

what are the two types of polysaccharides

Answer 41

homopolysaccharides heteropolysaccharides

Question 42

homopolysaccharides

Answer 42

composed of one monosaccharide type

Question 43

heteropolysaccharide

Answer 43

composed of two or more monosaccharide types

Question 44

the types of homopolysacchairds

Answer 44

cellulose amylose glycogen

Question 45

cellulose

Answer 45

unbranched b1-4 linked glucose serves structural role in plants indigestiable by animals

Question 46

amylose

Answer 46

unbranched a1-4 linked D-glucose