Chapter 10

Question 0

Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people

Answer 0

Concepts

Question 1

Mental activities associated with thinking, remembering, and communicating.

Answer 1

Cognition

Question 2

Mental images or best example or category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and method for including items in a category

Answer 2

Prototypes

Question 3

Methodical logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

Answer 3

Algorithm

Question 4

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently

Answer 4

Heuristic

Question 5

Sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; contrasts with strategy-based solutions

Answer 5

Insights

Question 6

Tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions

Answer 6

Confirmation Bias

Question 7

Inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving

Answer 7

Fixation

Question 8

Tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Answer 8

Mental set

Question 9

Tendency to think of things only in terms of their visual functions, impediment to problem solving

Answer 9

Functional Fixedness

Question 10

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes

Answer 10

Representative Heuristic

Question 11

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

Answer 11

Availability Heuristic

Question 12

Tendency to be more confident then correct, to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgements

Answer 12

Overconfidence

Question 13

The way an issue is pose; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

Answer 13

Framing

Question 14

Tendency for one’s pre-existing belief to distort logical reasoning, invalid conclusions seem valid, valid conclusions seem invalid

Answer 14

Belief Bias

Question 15

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Answer 15

Belief Perseverance

Question 16

Our spoken, written, or signed words and they ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Answer 16

Language

Question 17

In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Answer 17

Phoneme

Question 18

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word

Answer 18

Morpheme

Question 19

In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Answer 19

Grammar

Question 20

Set of rules by which we derive meaning from morpheme, words, and sentences given in a language, study of meaning

Answer 20

Semantics

Question 21

Rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

Answer 21

Syntax

Question 22

Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utter various sounds

Answer 22

Babbling Stage

Question 23

The stage in speech development from about age 1-2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Answer 23

One-word stage

Question 24

Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in 2 word sentences

Answer 24

Two-word stage

Question 25

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram-“go car”- using mostly nouns and verbs omitting auxiliary words

Answer 25

Telegraphic Speech

Question 26

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Answer 26

Linguistic Determinism