Chapter 10

Question 1

Analogous structures

Answer 1

Structures that perform a similar function, but are not similar in origin

Question 2

Paleontology

Answer 2

The study of fossils or extinct organisms. Continues to provide new information and support current hypotheses about how evolution occurs

Question 3

What are the four sources of evidence for evolution upon witch Darwin based on his ideas on common descent

Answer 3

Fossils, geography, anatomy, embryology

Question 4

Describe fossils

Answer 4

• provides evidence of evolution fossils in bottom layers (older layers) are more primitive than those of the upper layers (newer layers)

Question 5

Describe geography

Answer 5

• island species most closely resemble species on the nearest mainlands
• Darwin hypothesized that at some point in the past, some individuals from the South American mainland had migrated to the islands
• provides evidence of evolution

Question 6

Describe embryology

Answer 6

• provides evidence of evolution
• identical larvae, different adult body forms
• similar embryos, diverse organisms suggest evolution from a distant common ancestor

Question 7

Describe anatomy

Answer 7

• provides evidence of evolution

* not evidence of common

Question 8

Describe a homologous structure

Answer 8

# homologous structure
       ^ features that are similar in structures but appear in different organisms and have different functions

Question 9

Describe a vestigial structure

Answer 9

# vestigial structures 
       ^remnants of organs or structures that a function in an early ancestor
       ^underdeveloped or unused features

Question 10

How does paleontology contribute to evolutionary biology

Answer 10

Provides new information and supports current hypotheses

Question 11

DNA Sequence Analysis

Answer 11

• sequence of nucleotides in a gene change over time due to mutations
• depends on the fact that the more related two organisms are, the more similar their DNA will be

Question 12

Pseudogenes

Answer 12

• sequence providing evidence of evolution
• no longer function
• carried along with functional DNA
• change as they are passed on through generations
• provide another way to figure out evolutionary relationships

Question 13

Homeobox genes ( how genes)

Answer 13

• control the development of specific structures
• indicate a very distinct common ancestor
• evidence of homeobox gene clusters are found in organisms that lived as far back as 600 million years ago

Question 14

Protein comparisons

Answer 14

• similarities among cell types across organisms can be revealed by comparing their proteins, a technique called molecular fingerprinting
• a unique set of proteins are found in specific types of cell types
• cells from different species that have the same proteins most likely come from a common ancestor

Question 15

Biogeography

Answer 15

The study of the distribution of organisms around the world

Question 16

Evolution

Answer 16

The process of biological change by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors

Question 17

Species

Answer 17

A group of organisms so similar to one another that they can reproduce and have fertile offspring

Question 18

Fossils

Answer 18

Traces of organisms that existed in the past

Question 19

Catastrophism

Answer 19

States that natural disasters have happened during earth’s long history

Question 20

Example of catastrophism

Answer 20

Floods, volcanoes, earthquakes

Question 21

Example of protein comparison

Answer 21

Appendix in humans

Question 22

Vestigial structures

Answer 22

Remnants of organs and structures

Question 23

Homologous structures

Answer 23

Features that are similar in structure but spear in different organisms and have different functions

Question 24

Fitness

Answer 24

Measure of ability to survive and produce offspring

Question 25

Gradualism

Answer 25

Theory of slow change over long periods of time

Question 26

Uniformitarianism

Answer 26

Theory that, processes that can be seen today also occurred in the past

Question 27

Adaptation

Answer 27

Feature that allows an organism to better survive in its environment

Question 28

_____________ is a beneficial feature that helps survival

Answer 28

Adaptation

Question 29

Variation

Answer 29

The difference in the physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the group to which it belongs

Question 30

Heritability

Answer 30

The ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next

Question 31

Population

Answer 31

All the individuals of a species that live in an area

Question 32

Artificial selection

Answer 32

humans choosing particular traits for breeding

Question 33

Natural selection

Answer 33

Theory of how evolution occurs

Question 34

________________ is a Mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations produce more offspring on average than do there individuals

Answer 34

Natural selection

Question 35

Examples of gradualism

Answer 35

Canyons carved by rivers

Question 36

Example of uniformitarianism

Answer 36

Rock strata, add up over long periods of time

Question 37

_________________ is Members of a group that can interbreed

Answer 37

Species

Question 38

What is a Process of biological change over time

Answer 38

Evolution

Question 39

Linnaeus

Answer 39

Developed a classification system for all organisms know at that time, form kingdom to species

Question 40

Buffon

Answer 40

Proposed that species shared ancestors instead of arising separately

Question 41

E. Darwin

Answer 41

Proposed that all living things were descended from a common ancestor and that more complex forms of life arose from less complex forms

Question 42

Lamarck

Answer 42

Proposed that all organisms evolved toward perfection and complexity

Question 43

Who proposed a new system of organization for plants, animals, and minerals based on there similarities

Answer 43

Linnaeus

Question 44

Who discussed important ideas about relationships among organisms, sources, of biological variation, and the possibility of evolution

Answer 44

Buffon

Question 45

Who concise red how organisms could evolve through mechanisms such as competition

Answer 45

E. Darwin

Question 46

Who presented evolution as occurring due to the environmental change over long periods of time

Answer 46

Lamarck

Question 47

What is the difference between artificial selection and natural selection

Answer 47

Artificial selection is when people humans interbreed plants and animals and natural selection is