Chapter 11

Question 1

Gene pool

Answer 1

The collection of alleles found in all of the individuals of a population

Question 2

Allele frequency

Answer 2

A measure of how common a certain allele is in the population

Question 3

Mutation

Answer 3

A random change in the DNA of a gene

Question 4

Recombination

Answer 4

Forms new combinations of alleles

Question 5

Hybridization

Answer 5

The crossing of two different species

Question 6

Normal distribution

Answer 6

Highest frequency near average value and lower frequency toward each extreme value

Question 7

Microevolution

Answer 7

The observable change in the allele frequencies of a population over time

Question 8

Directional selection

Answer 8

one extreme phenotype is favored by natural selection

Question 9

Stabilizing selection

Answer 9

intermediate phenotypes are favored by natural selection

Question 10

Disruptive selection

Answer 10

both extreme phenotypes are favored by natural selection

Question 11

What are the three pathways of natural selection

Answer 11

Directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection

Question 12

Gene flow

Answer 12

The movement of alleles from one population to another

Question 13

When does gene flow occur

Answer 13

Occurs when individuals join new populations and reproduce.

Question 14

Genetic drift

Answer 14

Changes in allele frequencies that are due to chance

Question 15

How does genetic drift work

Answer 15

Causes a loss of genetic diversity

Question 16

Bottleneck effect

Answer 16

Describes the effect of a disruptive event that leaves only a few survivors in a population

Question 17

When does the bottleneck effect occur

Answer 17

Occurs after an event greatly reduces the size of the population

Question 18

When does sexual selection occur

Answer 18

Occurs when certain traits increase mating success

Question 19

Intra selection

Answer 19

Competition among males, the winner wins the female

Question 20

Intersection

Answer 20

Males display certain traits that attract the female

Question 21

What are the five conditions required to be in equilibrium

Answer 21

Very large population-no genetic drift
no emigration or imigration-no gene flow can occur
no mutations-no new alleles can be added to the gene pool
random mating-no sexual selection can occur
no natural selection- all traits must equally aid in survival

Question 22

what is the Hardy-Wienberg equations

Answer 22

1) p2+2pq+q2=1

2) p+q=1

Question 23

what is the p2

Answer 23

homozygous dominant

Question 24

what is the 2pq

Answer 24

heterozygous

Question 25

what is the q2

Answer 25

homozygous recessive

Question 26

what is the p

Answer 26

dominant alleles

Question 27

what is the q

Answer 27

frequency of recessive alleles

Question 28

what are the five factors that can lead to evolution

Answer 28

Genetic dirift, gene flow, mutations, sexual selection, and natural selection

Question 29

what is genetic drift

Answer 29

allele frequencies can change due to chance alone

Question 30

what is gene flow

Answer 30

the movement of alleles from one population to another

Question 31

what creates genetic variation needed for evolution

Answer 31

mutations

Question 32

what is it called when certain traits may improve mating success

Answer 32

sexual selection

Question 33

what is it called when certian traits may be an advantage for survival

Answer 33

natural selection

Question 34

reproductive isolation

Answer 34

occurs when members of different populations can no longer mate successfully

Question 35

speciation

Answer 35

the rise of two or more species from one existing species

Question 36

behavioral isolation

Answer 36

isolation caused by differences in courtship or mating behaviors

Question 37

geographic isolation

Answer 37

physical barriers that divide a population into two or more groups

Question 38

temporal isolation

Answer 38

exists when timing prevents reproduction before populations

Question 39

which type of isolation involves factors of time

Answer 39

temporal isolation

Question 40

which type of isolation involve mating or courtship rituals

Answer 40

behavioral isolation

Question 41

which type of isolation can isolation can involve physical barriers

Answer 41

geographic isolation

Question 42

convergent evolution

Answer 42

evolution toward similar characteristics in unrelated species

Question 43

divergent evolution

Answer 43

closely related species evolve in different directions they become increasingly different

Question 44

example of convergent evolution

Answer 44

wings on birds and insects

Question 45

example of divergent evolution

Answer 45

red fox and the kit fox

Question 46

what is coevolution

Answer 46

the process in which two or more species evolve in response to changes in each other

Question 47

extinction

Answer 47

the elimination of a species from earth

Question 48

punctuated equilibrium

Answer 48

states that episodes of speciation occur suddenly in geologic time and are followed by long periods of little evolutionary change

Question 49

adaptive radiation

Answer 49

the rapid evolution of many diverse species from ancestral species