Chapter 10

Question 1

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Answer 1

Erikson’s term for the 5th stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out “Who am I?” but is confused as to which of the many roles to adapt

Question 2

Identity Achievement

Answer 2

Erikson’s term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans

Question 3

Role Confusion

Answer 3

a situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is (sometimes called identity or role diffusion)

Question 4

Foreclosure

Answer 4

Erikson’s term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts his or her parents’ or society’s roles and values wholesale, without questioning or analysis

Question 5

Moratorium

Answer 5

an adolescent’s choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions, ex. Going to college/university

Question 6

What are James Marcia’s 4 specific ways in which a young person can cope with this stage of life?

Answer 6

1. Role confusion
2. Foreclosure
3. Moratorium
4. Identity Achievement

Question 7

Gender Identity (early childhood)

Answer 7

the ability of children to make gender distinctions by accurately labelling themselves as a boy or girl

Question 8

Ethnic Identity

Answer 8

the extent to which a person identifies with a particular ethnic group’s roles and behaviours (also known as ethnocultural identity or cultural identity)

Question 9

What are John Barry’s 4 ways ethnic identity is modified in young people by immigration to a new country?

Answer 9

1. Integrated identity
2. Separated Identity
3. National identity
4. Diffuse identity

Question 10

Integrated Identity

Answer 10

youths maintain their heritage identity while incorporating aspects of settlement or new country identity

Question 11

Separated identity

Answer 11

youths maintain heritage identity while rejecting the settlement identity

Question 12

National identity

Answer 12

youths reject heritage identity and replace with settlement identity

Question 13

Diffuse identity

Answer 13

youths reject both their heritage and settlement identity

Question 14

Bickering

Answer 14

petty, peevish arguing, usually repeated and ongoing

Question 15

What are the 4 aspects of family closeness?

Answer 15

1. communication
2. support
3. connectedness
4. control

Question 16

Parental monitoring

Answer 16

parents’ ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where, and with whom

Question 17

Peer pressure

Answer 17

encouragement to conform to one’s friends or contemporaries in behaviour, dress, and attitude; usually considered a negative force, as when adolescent peers encourage one another to defy adult authority

Question 18

Deviancy training

Answer 18

destructive peer support in which one person shows how to rebel against authority or social norm

Question 19

clique

Answer 19

a group of adolescents made up of close friends who are loyal to one another while excluding outsiders

Question 20

crowd

Answer 20

a larger group of adolescents who have something in common but who are not necessarily friends

Question 21

What are Dexter Dunphy’s 4 sequences of male-female relationships during childhood and adolescence?

Answer 21

1. Groups of friends, exclusively one sex or the other
2. Loose association of girls and boys, with public interactions within a crowd
3. Small mixed sex groups of the advanced members of the crowd
4. Formation of couples, with private intimacies

Question 22

Sexual Orientation

Answer 22

a term that refers to whether a person is sexually and romantically attracted to others of the same sex, opposite sex or both sexes

Question 23

Child sexual abuse

Answer 23

any erotic activity that arouses an adult and excites, shames, or confuses a child, whether or not the victim protests and whether or not genital contact is involved

Question 24

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

Answer 24

an infection spread by sexual contact; includes syphilis, gonorrhea, genital herpes, chlamydia, and HIV
Teenagers have higher rates of most common STIs

Question 25

Clinical depression

Answer 25

feelings of hopelessness, lethargy, and worthlessness that last 2 weeks or more

Question 26

Rumination

Answer 26

repeatedly thinking and talking about past experiences; can contribute to depression

Question 27

Suicidal ideation

Answer 27

thinking about suicide, usually with some serious emotional and intellectual or cognitive overtones

Question 28

Parasuicide

Answer 28

any potentially lethal action against the self that does not result in death (also called attempted suicide or failed suicide)

Question 29

Cluster suicides

Answer 29

several suicides committed by members of a group within a brief period

Question 30

What are the 2 clusters of factors that predict delinquency, and name some symptoms for both

Answer 30

1. One from childhood (primarily brain based)
   - Short attention span
   - Hyperactivity
   - Inadequate emotional regulation
   - Slow language development
   - Low intelligence
   - Early and sever malnutrition
   - Autistic tendencies
   - Maternal cigarette smoking
   - Being victim of severe child abuse, especially blows to head
2. One from adolescence (primarily contextual)
   - Deviant friends
   - Few connections to school
   - Living in a crowded, violent, unstable neighbourhood
   - Not having a job
   - Using drugs and alcohol
   - Having close relatives (especially older siblings) in jail

Question 31

Adolescence limited offender

Answer 31

a person whose criminal activity stops by age 21

Question 32

Generational forgetting

Answer 32

the idea that each new generation forgets what previous generation learned. As used here, term refers to knowledge about harm drugs can do

Question 33

Life course persistent offender

Answer 33

A person whose criminal activity typically begins in early adolescence and continues throughout life; a career criminal