Chapter 10

Question 1

False Memories

Answer 1

Memories that have been implanted by well-meaning therapists or others interrogating a subject about some event.

Question 2

Imagination Inflation Effect

Answer 2

When a memory is elaborated upon through imagination, leading the person to confuse the imagined event with events that actually happened.

Question 3

Confirmatory Bias

Answer 3

Tendency to look only for evidence that confirms their previous hunch and to not look for evidence that might disconfirm their belief.

Question 4

Spreading Activation

Answer 4

Mental elements are stored in memory along with associations to other elements in memory.

Question 5

Constructive Memory

Answer 5

Memory contributes to or influences in various ways what is recalled.

Question 6

Cognitive Unconscious

Answer 6

Readily acknowledge that information can get into our memories without our even being aware of the information.

Question 7

Motivated Unconscious

Answer 7

Information that is unconscious can actually motivate or influence subsequent behavior.

Question 8

Subliminal Perception

Answer 8

Information that is not readily available but rather below conscious awareness.

Question 9

Priming

Answer 9

Makes an associated material more accessible to conscious awareness than is material that is not primed.

Question 10

Id Psychology

Answer 10

Impulsive, risky self that is independent and drives every person to respond aggressively, etc.

Question 11

Ego Psychology

Answer 11

Establishing a secure identity is seen as the primary function or as an executive branch.

Question 12

Identity Crisis

Answer 12

The desperation and confusion a person feels when they have not developed a strong sense of identity.

Question 13

Eight Stages of Development

Answer 13

Erik Erikson’s eight stages explain what each person will face as they go throughout their lives and develop.

Question 14

Psychosocial Conflicts

Answer 14

Crises of learning to trust our parents, learning to be autonomous from them, learning from them how to act as an adult.

Question 15

Stage Model of Development

Answer 15

People go through the stages in a certain order and that there is a specific issue that characterizes each stage.

Question 16

Developmental Crisis

Answer 16

Each stage has it’s own represented crisis.

Question 17

Identity Confusion

Answer 17

Not having a strong sense of who one really is.

Question 18

Rite of Passage

Answer 18

Is typically a ceremony that initiates a child into adulthood.

Question 19

Negative Identity

Answer 19

An identity founded on undesirable social roles, such as a street gang member.

Question 20

Identity Foreclosure

Answer 20

When a person does not have a crisis, or forms an identity without exploring alternatives.

Question 21

Moratorium

Answer 21

Taking time to explore options before making a commitment to an identity.

Question 22

Social Power

Answer 22

Based on the notion of penis envy, and that it was a symbol of social power rather than some organ that women actually desired.

Question 23

Culture

Answer 23

Set of shared standards for many behaviors.

Question 24

Fear of Success

Answer 24

A gender difference in response to competition and achievement situations.

Question 25

Masculine or Feminine

Answer 25

Traits or roles typically associated with being male or female in a particular culture.

Question 26

Gender Differences

Answer 26

Differences in such culturally ascribed roles and traits among the two genders.

Question 27

Self-Serving Biases

Answer 27

The common tendency for people to take credit for successes yet to deny responsibility for failure.

Question 28

Narcissism

Answer 28

Inflated self-admiration and constant attempts to draw attention to the self and to keep others focused on oneself.

Question 29

Narcissistic Paradox

Answer 29

When a narcissist appears high in self-esteem, they actually have doubts about their worth as a person.

Question 30

Object Relations Theory

Answer 30

Emphasizes social relationships and their origins in childhood.

Question 31

Internalized

Answer 31

Child creates an unconscious mental representation of the mother.

Question 32

Attachment

Answer 32

Positive emotions or feelings between caregiver and the child, better known as bonding.

Question 33

Separation Anxiety

Answer 33

When mother leaves the child, the child forms one of the three types of attachment responses.

Question 34

Strange Situation Procedure

Answer 34

Mother and her baby enter the laboratory room, which is like a comfortable living room. Child plays with toys, then mother sits down, then the three types of attachments are observed.

Question 35

Securely Attached

Answer 35

The child was confident that mother would return.

Question 36

Avoidantly Attached

Answer 36

The child was unfazed when mother would leave the room.

Question 37

Ambivalently Attached

Answer 37

The child became very anxious when mother would leave and would begin to cry.

Question 38

Working Models

Answer 38

Early experiences and reactions of the infant to the parents.

Question 39

Secure Relationship Style

Answer 39

Person has few problems developing satisfying friendships and relationships.

Question 40

Avoidant Relationship Style

Answer 40

Difficulty in learning to trust others, being suspicious of others.

Question 41

Ambivalent Relationship Style

Answer 41

Vulnerability and uncertainty about relationships.

Question 42

Object Relations

Answer 42

Enduring patterns of behavior in relationships with intimate others, as well as to the emotional, cognitive, and motivational processes that generate those patterns of behavior.