Chapter 10

Question 1

Developmental psychology

Answer 1

• study of how behaviour changes over the lifespan

Question 2

Post hoc fallacy

Answer 2

• false assumption that because one event occurred before another event, it must have caused that event

Question 3

Bidirectional influences

Answer 3

• developmental influences are bidirectional
• children’s experiences influence their development, but their development also influences their experiences
• parents influence their children’s behaviour, which influences the parents’ behaviour

Question 4

Cross-sectional design

Answer 4

• research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time
• groups of participants that differ in age perform the same task
• quicker and cheaper, but subject to cohort effects (differences may be between generations rather than between ages)

Question 5

Longitudinal design

Answer 5

• research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time
• the same people observed over time/ages
• longer and more expensive
• people may withdraw because the study is long term; the people who choose to withdraw is not random
• testing the same people repeatedly may result in them becoming better at the test

Question 6

Cohort effects

Answer 6

• effect observed in a sample of participants that results from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time

Question 7

Attrition

Answer 7

• participants dropping out of the study before it is completed
• selective attrition is when the dropout of participants is not random

Question 8

List 2 myths about early development

Answer 8

1. Infant determinism

2. Childhood fragility

Question 9

Infant determinism

Answer 9

• the myth that extremely early experiences (first 3 years of life) are more influential than later experiences in shaping us as adults
• there is no evidence that separating an infant from its mother during the first few hours after birth can produce lasting negative consequences for emotional adjustment
• early experience plays an important role in children’s development, but later experience can often offset the negative effects of early deprivation

Question 10

Childhood fragility

Answer 10

• the myth that children are easily damaged by experiences

Question 11

Resiliency

Answer 11

• the idea that children can withstand stress

- supported by research

Question 12

Nature

Answer 12

• biological endowment; genes

Question 13

Nurture

Answer 13

• physical and social environment

Question 14

Gene-environment interaction

Answer 14

• the effects of genes depend on the environment
• possessing a certain gene may result in higher risk of being a criminal, but only if you are also exposed to a certain environment
• therefore, you need both the gene and the environment to see the effects

Question 15

Epigenetics (gene expression)

Answer 15

• some genes “turn on” in response to specific environmental events

Question 16

Nature via nurture

Answer 16

• genetic predispositions can drive us to select and create particulate environments
• environment may be a consequence of genetic predispositions
• ie. fearful children will seek out safe environments, doesn’t mean that safe environments result in fearful children

Question 17

Prenatal development (define + list stages)

Answer 17

• development that occurs prior to birth
  1. Germinal period
  2. Embryonic period
  3. Fetal period

Question 18

Germinal period

Answer 18

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Question 19

Embryonic period

Answer 19

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Question 20

Fetal period

Answer 20

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Question 21

Obstacles to normal fetal development

Answer 21

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Question 22

Zygote

Answer 22

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Question 23

Blastocyst

Answer 23

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Question 24

Fetus

Answer 24

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Question 25

Teratogens

Answer 25

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Question 26

Genetic disruptions

Answer 26

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Question 27

Prematurity

Answer 27

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Question 28

Maternal factors

Answer 28

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Question 29

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

Answer 29

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Question 30

Motor behaviours

Answer 30

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Question 31

Attachment

Answer 31

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Question 32

Strange situation

Answer 32

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Question 33

List the 4 attachment styles

Answer 33

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Question 34

Secure

Answer 34

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Question 35

Insecure-avoidant

Answer 35

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Question 36

Insecure-anxious (insecure-ambivalent)

Answer 36

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Question 37

Disorganized

Answer 37

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Question 38

Jean Piaget

Answer 38

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Question 39

Piaget's theory of how children learn

Answer 39

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Question 40

Assimilation

Answer 40

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Question 41

Accomodation

Answer 41

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Question 42

Piaget's stages of development

Answer 42

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Question 43

Sensorimotor

Answer 43

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Question 44

Preoperational

Answer 44

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Question 45

Concrete operations

Answer 45

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Question 46

Formal operations

Answer 46

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Question 47

Current views on Piaget's stages of development

Answer 47

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Question 48

Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 48

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Question 49

Kohlberg's stages of moral development

Answer 49

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Question 50

Preconventional moral reasoning

Answer 50

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Question 51

Conventional moral reasoning

Answer 51

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Question 52

Postconventional moral reasioning

Answer 52

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Question 53

What are the major milestones for motor development?

Answer 53

1. Sitting without support 2. Crawling 3. Standing 4. Cruising 5. Walking without assistance 6. Running

Question 54

What are some factors influencing motor development?

Answer 54

1. Physical maturation | 2. Cultural/parenting practices

Question 55

Motor development: Physical maturation

Answer 55

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Question 56

Motor development: Cultural/parenting practices

Answer 56

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