Chapter 10

Question 1

What is the definition of classification?

Answer 1

is the organization of living organisms into groups

Question 2

What is the definition of species?

Answer 2

They are capable of breeding to produce fertile offspring

Question 3

What system is used to name species?

Answer 3

The binomial system

Question 4

Organisms are identified by by 2 names which are…

Answer 4

Generic name

Specific name

Question 5

What are the rules when using the binomial system?

Answer 5

• Printed in italics
• If handwritten they are underline (identifies its scientific name)
• If a specific name is unknown it can be written as ‘sp’
  (e. g felix sp)

Question 6

What are the taxonomy ranks?

Answer 6

Domain
Kingdown
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 7

What are the five kingdoms?

Answer 7

Prokaryotes
Protocista
Fungi
Plantae 
Anamalia

Question 8

What are bacteria?

Answer 8

Are a group of single-celled prokaryotes with

Question 9

What are the features of bacteria?

Answer 9

• Absence of membrane-bound organelles
• Unicellular
• Ribosomes smaller than eukaryotes
• Cell walls present (made of murerin)
• Single loop of naked DNA

Question 10

What are archaea?

Answer 10

A group of single celled prokaryotes that were originally classified as bacteria

Question 11

How do archaea differ from bacteria?

Answer 11

-Genes + protein synthesis are more similar to eukaryotes
Membranes contain fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages
More complex form of polymerase

Question 12

What are eukarya?

Answer 12

Group of organisms made cup of 1 or more eukaryotic cells

Question 13

What are the features of eukarya?

Answer 13

• Cells possess membrane bound organelles
• Have membranes containing fatty acids
• Not all posses all with cell wall
• Ribosomes larger

Question 14

What is the definition of phylogeny?

Answer 14

Evolutionary between organisms

Represented through tree diagrams

Question 15

What is courtship behavior?

Answer 15

Helps to ensure that mating is successful and that the offspring have the maximum chance of survival

Question 16

How does courtship behaviour ensure that mating is successful

Answer 16

• Recognizes members of their own species
• Identify a mate that is capable of breeding
• Forms a pair bond
• Synchronise mating
• Become able to breed

Question 17

What is the definition of classification?

Answer 17

The grouping of organisms

Question 18

What is the definition of taxonomy?

Answer 18

Theory and practice of biological classification

Question 19

What are the two forms of biological classification?

Answer 19

Artificial classification

Phylogenetic classification

Question 20

What is artificial classification?

Answer 20

Divides organisms according to differences that are useful at the time (e.g. size, colour)
Described as analogous characteristics. They don’t have same evolutionary begins (wings of butterfly _ bird)

Question 21

What is phylogenetic classification?

Answer 21

a) Based on evolutionary relationships between organisms + ancestors
b) Classifies into groups using features derived from ancestors
c) arranges group into a hierarchy, in which the groups are contained within larger composite groups with no overlap

Based on homologous characteristics

Question 22

What is biodiversity?

Answer 22

Used to describe “variety in living world”

Refers to no’ of variety of living organisms in particular area + has 3 components

Question 23

What is species diversity?

Answer 23

Number of different species + the no’ of individuals of each species within any one community

Question 24

What is genetic diversity?

Answer 24

Variety of genes possessed by the individuals that make up the population of a species

Question 25

What is ecosystem diversity?

Answer 25

Range of different habitats from a small local habitat to the whole of the earth

Question 26

What is species richness?

Answer 26

The number of different species in a particular area at a given time (community)

Question 27

How do you measure the index of diversity?

Answer 27

...

Question 28

What is the impact of agriculture being controlled by humans?

Answer 28

Framers select species for particular qaulities that make more productive therefore -increase in 1 species + other compete -No species + genetic variety of alleles, reduced to few that exhibit features (pesticides reduces species?

Question 29

What is the overall effect of agriculture being con controlled?

Answer 29

Reduction in species diversity Therefore low agricultural ecosystems

Question 30

What is the effect of intensive food production?

Answer 30

Diminishes variety of habitats + reduces SD

Question 31

What practices reduce Species diversity?

Answer 31

Removal of hedgerows Creating monocultures Filing out ponds + draining out other wetland Over grazing land

Question 32

How do using pesticides + inorganic fertilizers effect agriculture?

Answer 32

- Escape of effluent from silage stores + slurry tsnks into water courses - Absence of crop rotation and lack of intercropping or undersowing

Question 33

Name some conservation techniques

Answer 33

``` Plant hedges not erect fences Maintain existing ponds + make new ponds -Use organic fetilisers -Create natural meadows -Don't drain wet corners or fields -Reduce the use of pesticides -Use intercropping than herbicides to control weeds ```

Question 34

Why is maintaining biodiversity important?

Answer 34

If it isn't then biodiversity reduced Global living system unstable We rely on gls for food + living

Question 35

Changes of features of species happen because?

Answer 35

Change in DNA

Question 36

Comparison of characteristics depends on?

Answer 36

Number + variety of allele | Environmental influence

Question 37

What are the limitations of comparing characteristics?

Answer 37

Large number coded for more than one gene (polygenic) Difficult to distinguish Characteristics can b modified environmentally( maybe an environmental factor not allele)

Question 38

How can DNA sequencing be done?

Answer 38

aUTOMATIC MACHINES dATA PRODUCED ANALYSED BY COMPUTER Nucleotide bases tagged by colour (series of coloured bands) Sample DNA + sequence to produce a pattern of coloured bands

Question 39

How does DNA analysis help to compare species?

Answer 39

Determines how diverse they are

Question 40

What are mutations?

Answer 40

Nucleotide bases would chnage Therefore overtime how species accumulate + more differnces in DNA

Question 41

Comparison of the base sequence of mRNA?

Answer 41

mRNA coded for by DNA Base sequences mRNA compliment -> Strand of DNA Can measure genetic DNA diveristy

Question 42

Comparison of amino acid in proteins

Answer 42

Sequence of amino acids determine mRNA -> determine by DNA | GD therefore measured comparing AA sequence to same proteins

Question 43

What is interspecific variation?

Answer 43

If one species differ from another

Question 44

What is intraspecific variation?

Answer 44

Members of th same species differ from each other

Question 45

Why can sampling be not reliable?

Answer 45

Sampling bias | Chance - could be pure chnace notn representative

Question 46

How can you prevent sampling bias?

Answer 46

Eliminate human involement | Random sampling

Question 47

How can you do random sampling?

Answer 47

1) Divide study area into a grid of numbered lines 2) Using random numbers from table/ generated, obtain a series of co-ordinates 3) Take samples at the intersection of each pair of coordinates

Question 48

How can you minimize chance by using random sampling?

Answer 48

Use large sample size | Analyse data collected

Question 49

What is mean + standard deviation ?

Answer 49

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