Chapter 10

Question 1

the gorilla debate - what question does this raise?

Answer 1

Was this an act of kindness and compassion, or did the gorilla just do what she had been trained to do—pick up and fetch things dropped into her cage? Cases like this raise the more fundamental question of whether concepts such as morality and empathy can apply to nonhuman animals.

Question 2

empathy

Answer 2

Unfortunately, the exact definition of empathy is much debated; for example, Dan Batson (2009b) identified no fewer than eight distinct definitions of empathy that scholars use. Most researchers regard empathy as having both a cognitive component of understanding the emotional experience of another individual and an emotional experience that is consistent with what the other is feeling

Question 3

a major cog component of empathy

Answer 3

A major cognitive component of empathy is perspective taking: using the power of imagination to try to see the world through someone else’s eyes

Question 4

a key emo component of empathyt

Answer 4

A key emotional component of empathy is empathic concern, which involves other-oriented feelings, such as sympathy, compassion, and tenderness.

Question 5

what did frans de waal find in primates like chimps? 3 examples

Answer 5

Frans de Waal (2008, 2013), has cited numerous and startling examples of primates such as chimpanzees and bonobos seeming to show empathy. d  Figure 10.2 depicts a juvenile chimpanzee putting an arm around an adult male who had just been defeated in a fight. This kind of consoling behavior is not uncommon in chimpanzees, and it has been shown to reduce the recipient’s arousal. de Waal also reports examples of chimpanzees who risked their lives trying to save companions from drowning, even though they themselves were unable to swim. Less dramatically, young chimps have been seen helping to push an old and arthritic group member up onto a climbing frame for a grooming session. The examples de Waal has collected suggest at least some degree of perspective taking and sympathy among nonhuman primates. Some research suggests that even rodents show evidence of being sensitive to the pain of other individuals of their species

Question 6

connect animal empathy to benti

Answer 6

The gorilla Binti Jua very well may have been acting on maternal caregiving impulses as she gently held the little boy who had fallen into her area. The importance of caring for offspring may have played a critical role in the evolution of empathy (

Question 7

researchers and money spending experiment

Answer 7

When Elizabeth Dunn and colleagues (2008) asked people which would make them happier, most people said they’d be happier spending the money on themselves. But in a clever set of studies across several cultures and age groups, the researchers actually gave people money with one of those two sets of instructions, and they found that people who spent the money on others were significantly happier than those who purchased something for themselves. This held true across a wide variety of age groups and cultures, even in places in which resources were very limited (

Question 8

beneifts of helping?

Answer 8

The simple but important point is: Helping often feels good. A growing body of research reveals a strong relationship between giving help and feeling better, including improvements in mental and physical health (Dillard et al., 2008; Omoto et al., 2009; Mojza et al., 2011; Piliavin & Siegl, 2008; Post, 2005).

Question 9

what does neurosci research support the idea of?

Answer 9

Neuroscience research supports the idea that the capacity for empathy is part of our biology. Seeing someone else experience positive or negative emotion triggers in an empathic perceiver’s brain activation of neural structures associated with the actual experience of that emotion

Question 10

katie experiemnt similar to batsons hypothesis goal

Answer 10

told kids a story about a girl whose parents were killed in a car accident and she had to care for her sblings. wanted to see if students would help her or forget about her if they could

Question 11

what is an imp charactersitc of mammals related to empathy> what must caregivers understand

Answer 11

An important characteristic of mammals related to empathy is how much care their offspring require to survive. Caregivers must understand the emotional communications from their young and respond to their emotional need

Question 12

results of katie exp

Answer 12

The results supported the empathy–altruism hypothesis. In the low–empathy condition, students’ helping decisions seemed to be governed by egoistic concerns—they agreed to help Katie only if they thought they would remember her problems. In the high-empathy condition, however, they agreed to help her regardless of whether they thought they would remember her or not (see d  Figure 10.5).

Question 13

what did judith berkhart say about a key feature in human ev

Answer 13

According to anthropologist Judith Burkart (2014), a key feature in human evolution was when our hominin ancestors began to raise their offspring cooperatively, with fathers, siblings, aunts, and others occasionally helping to support the helpless infant rather than just the mother. This set the foundation for what Burkart calls the “hyper-cooperation” that is characteristic of humans

Question 14

when r ppl more likely to help in an emergency

Answer 14

People are more likely to help someone in an emergency if the potential rewards seem high and the potential costs seem low.

Question 15

what happened to kitty genovese?

Answer 15

she was attacked outside her apartment building and 38 people saw but noone did anything. one man called the police 45 minutes later but kitty died before they could get her to the hospital.

Question 16

what does social neurosci research support

Answer 16

Social neuroscience research provides additional evidence for the rewarding feeling of helping. Numerous studies have shown that engaging in altruistic behavior—even though it costs the self—activates areas of the brain associated with receiving actual material reward

Question 17

In their negative state relief model, Robert Cialdini and his colleagues (1987) propose and examples

Answer 17

In their negative state relief model, Robert Cialdini and his colleagues (1987) propose that because of this positive effect of helping, people who are feeling bad are inclined to help others in order to improve their mood. People who have experienced traumatic events, for example, show mental and physical health benefits from helping others (Frazier et al, 2013; Vollhardt & Staub, 2011; Waym

Question 18

lara aknin= what did she investigate and find

Answer 18

The relationship between helping and feeling good might be a psychological universal. Looking at 136 countries across the world, Lara Aknin and her colleagues (2013) found a positive correlation between donating money and happiness in the majority of the countries. They found that altogether, charitable giving had twice the association with happiness as income did. According to their analysis, people who do not donate their money would have to be twice as rich to have the same predicted amount of happiness. Furthermore, when they asked participants in Canada, Uganda, and India (a diverse bunch) to think about a time they spent money on someone else, they were subsequently happier than those asked to think about a time they spent money on themselves.

Question 19

cons of helping people

Answer 19

​Clearly helping has its rewards, but it has its costs as well. The firefighters in Ladder Company 6 who somehow survived the collapse of the North Tower of the World Trade Center while saving Josephine Harris were among the lucky ones. Many people were killed while helping others that day, such as Abraham Zelmanowitz, a computer programmer who refused to leave his quadriplegic friend who could not descend the stairs. And beyond 9/11, we often are moved by stories of the costs paid by those who offer help, such as Donald Liu, who in August 2012 saw two boys swept up by rip tides in Lake Michigan and swam in to save them, despite the protests from his own children about the dangerous conditions. The boys were saved, but the 50-year-old chief of pediatric surgery at the University of Chicago and father of three young children did not survive (Dizikes & Sobol, 2012).

Question 20

Sharon Shepela and others (1999) call this type of thoughtful helping in the face of potentially enormous costs courageous resistance.

Answer 20

Other helpers have done more sustained and deliberate helping, such as the people who helped hide runaway slaves in the nineteenth-century United States or the people who helped hide Jews during the Holocaust. =

Question 21

what do mos tpoeple do before deciding to help

what are good samaritan laws and what are they meant for

Answer 21

Although some people sometimes help despite tremendous risk, most people often seem to conduct a cost–benefit analysis before deciding whether or not to help (Dovidio et al., 2006; Fischer et al., 2011; Fritzsche et al., 2000). To lower some of the costs of helping, some legislatures have created “Good Samaritan” laws that encourage bystanders to intervene in emergencies by offering them legal protection, such as for doctors who volunteer medical care when they happen upon emergencies, or for people who otherwise would worry about criminal prosecution if they call the police to report a drug overdose (

Question 22

​Batson’s model of altruism is based on his view of the consequences of empathy. According to Batson,

Answer 22

if you perceive someone in need and imagine how that person feels, you are likely to experience other-oriented feelings of empathic concern (similar to what some call compassion—DeSteno, 2015), which in turn produce the altruistic motive to reduce the other person’s distress. There are, however, instances in which people perceive someone in need and focus on their own feelings about this person or on how they would feel in that person’s situation. Although many people (and some researchers) may think of this as empathy, Batson contrasts this with instances in which people’s concern is with how the other person is feeling. It’s when your focus is on the other person that true altruism is possible.

Question 23

How can we tell the difference between egoistic and altruistic motives?

Answer 23

=In both cases, people help someone else, but the helpers’ reasons are different. Confronted with this puzzle, Batson came up with an elegant solution. When a person’s motive is egoistic, helping should decline if it’s easy for the individual to escape from the situation and therefore escape from his or her own feelings of distress. When a person’s motive is altruistic, however, help will be given regardless of the ease of escape.

Question 24

omoto and synder- Why were the more egoistic goals associated with longer service

Answer 24

? Snyder and Omoto (2008) observed that purely altruistic motives may not keep individuals motivated long enough to withstand the personal costs associated with some kinds of prolonged helping. As Mark Snyder noted, “The good, and perhaps romanticized, intentions related to humanitarian concern simply may not be strong enough to sustain volunteers faced with the tough realities and personal costs of working with [persons with AIDS]” (Snyder, 1993, p. 258). When helping demands more of us, self-interest may keep us going.

Question 25

when can egoistic motives be put to good use

Answer 25

Egoistic motives, therefore, can be put to good use. This was evident in a set of studies by Eamonn Ferguson and others (2008). They conducted a longitudinal study of blood donation in the United Kingdom and found that having other-oriented beliefs about blood donation (for example, society benefits from blood donation) and having self-oriented beliefs (for example, the donor would benefit by donating blood) each predicted people’s later actual blood donation, but having the self-oriented beliefs was the stronger predictor.

Question 26

what does david rand think about whether ppl are inhernetly selfish in their motives

Answer 26

hey point out that for most of us, being helpful and cooperative with others is the sensible way to act much of the time. We typically spend most of our time with people we can trust, and when we help others we’re likely to receive help in turn. Therefore, our default inclination may prime us to be helpful, and only if we have time might we reconsider this in light of the potential costs.

Question 27

Rand and Ziv Epstein (2014) also examined the testimony of people awarded medals by the Carnegie Hero Fund Commission for extreme acts of heroism.

Answer 27

The statements of these heroes overwhelmingly emphasized intuitiveness rather than deliberativeness. In other words, they consistently described themselves as acting on instinct, without thinking.

Question 28

To test their ideas, Darley and Latané (1968) set out to see if they could produce unresponsive bystanders under laboratory conditions. Let’s take a look at one of their studies.

Answer 28

When a participant arrived, he or she was taken to one of a series of small rooms located along a corridor. Speaking over an intercom, the experimenter explained that he wanted participants to discuss personal problems college students often face. Participants were told that to protect confidentiality, the group discussion would take place over the intercom system and that the experimenter would not be listening. They were required to speak one at a time, taking turns. Some participants were assigned to talk with one other person, whereas other participants joined larger groups of three or six people. then someone had a seizure.

Question 29

To test their ideas, Darley and Latané (1968) set out to see if they could produce unresponsive bystanders under laboratory conditions. Let’s take a look at one of their studies. what happened when the people were in a group?> did this influence their responsises?

Answer 29

As it turns out, participants’ responses to this emergency were strongly influenced by the size of their group. Actually all participants were participating alone, but tape-recorded material led them to believe that others were present. All the participants who thought that only they knew about the emergency quickly left the room to try to get help. In the larger groups, however, participants were less likely or were slower to intervene. Indeed, 38% of the participants in the six-person groups never left the room at all during the 6 minutes before the experimenter would finally terminate the study! This research led Latané and Darley to a chilling conclusion: The presence of others inhibits helping. This came to be known as the bystander effect.

Question 30

why may people not help a victim?

Answer 30

​Participants in the seizure study could not help but notice the emergency, but the presence of others can sometimes be distracting and divert attention away from noticing a victim’s plight. People who live in big cities and noisy environments may become so used to seeing people lying on sidewalks or hearing screams that they begin to tune them out, becoming susceptible to what Stanley Milgram (1970) called stimulus overload.

Question 31

pluralistic ignorance

Answer 31

entire group may be paralyzed by indecision. When this happens, the person needing help is a victim of pluralistic ignorance. In this state of ignorance, each individual believes that his or her own thoughts and feelings are different from everyone else’s, when in fact, many of the other people are thinking or feeling the same way

Question 32

smoke questionaitre

Answer 32

there were ppl in aroom working on a questionaire when it got smoky. when alone, much more ppl took action than when they were with others, or with passive confederates. they would normally think its dangerous but bc no one else seemed to think so they defined it as nothing to b concerned abt.

Question 33

diffusion of responsibility:

Answer 33

the belief that others will or should intervene.

Question 34

Diffusion of responsibility cannot occur if

Answer 34

an individual believes that only he or she is aware of the victim’s need

Question 35

Some research suggests that the presence of others can even be imaginary and still produce some diffusion of responsibility. describe a study that tested this idea.

Answer 35

Participants in studies in which they simply imagined being in a crowd as opposed to being alone, or in which they played a video game with multiple characters rather than with a single character, were subsequently less likely to help someone (Garcia et al., 2002; Stenico & Greitemeyer, 2014).

Question 36

in plotner's study with the five year olds and knocking over a cup of water to see if anyone would help, what was the third variable she added to see if shyness or not wanting to look weird in front of others inf their behavior?

Answer 36

Plötner and her colleagues cleverly added a third condition. In this condition, there again were two confederates, but in this case, the confederates were sitting behind a barrier that made it difficult or impossible for them to get to the paper towels (see d  Figure 10.7). In this condition, therefore, the responsibility was solely on the one child who could help. Would this child help? Indeed, the children in this condition—in which diffusion of responsibility was no longer plausible—were as likely to help as if they had been the only witness.

Question 37

summarize the results and setup of plotners five yr old exp.

Answer 37

these photos recreate the experimental setup in the three conditions of a study to see if 5-year-olds would help an experimenter by bringing over paper towels to deal with a spill. When participants were alone with the experimenter (Photo A), they were much more likely to help the experimenter than if they were in the presence of two confederates (Photo B). However, if the two confederates were trapped behind a barrier and thus unable to help (Photo C), responsibility for helping could not be diffused, and the participants were as likely to help as if they were alone.

Question 38

If a person has assumed the responsibility to help, he or she still must pass through the final two steps before taking action: what are they? what obstacles may occur here?

Answer 38

​ deciding how to help and then deciding to provide help. Obstacles here include feeling a lack of competence in knowing how to help, or worrying that the potential costs of helping may too great to justify taking the risk. The presence of other witnesses can be obstacles in these two steps as well. People sometimes feel too socially awkward and embarrassed to act helpfully in a public setting. When observers do not act in an emergency because they fear making a bad impression on other observers, they are under the influence of audience inhibition.

Question 39

​One relatively new application of the research on the bystander effect is in the world of electronic-based communication. how does the bystander effect occur online? examples? what did daniel staldter find?

Answer 39

n. Daniel Stalder (2008) reviewed studies on individuals’ responses to e-mail or Internet-based requests for help. Even here, the bystander effect emerged, indicating that the virtual presence of others reduced the likelihood that any one individual would intervene. Abuse online, such as in the form of bullying via a social network site, or cries for attention and help from suicidal individuals may be met with the bystander effect. The diffusion of responsibility can be all the greater online because of the additional physical and psychological distance the online world creates. Indeed, in multiple cases of people announcing on Facebook or an online group that they were going to kill themselves, the posts elicited many instances of taunting and indifference from online bystanders (

Question 40

​There are conditions in which the bystander effect is less likely to occur, or may even be reversed wht are they (2x)

Answer 40

. Groups in which the members know or feel connected to each other are usually more helpful than groups of strangers (Fischer et al., 2011; Levine & Manning, 2013). When effective helping would require multiple helpers, such as in cases in which helping might be more dangerous if attempted alone, the presence of others can sometimes lead to more helping rather than less helping, presumably because the potential costs and benefits of helping would favor multiple helpers acting together (Fischer & Greitemeyer, 2013; Greitemeyer & Mügge, 2015). In addition, when people think they will be scorned by others for failing to help, the presence of an audience increases their helpful actions (Schwartz & Gottlieb, 1980). We return to this point a bit later, when we discuss the effects of social influence on helping.

Question 41

how can diffusion of responsibility be defeated or helped by a person's role.

Answer 41

Diffusion of responsibility can be defeated by a person’s role. A group leader, even if he or she has only recently been assigned to that position, is more likely than other group members to act in an emergency (Baumeister et al., 1988). And some occupational roles increase the likelihood of intervention. Registered nurses, for example, do not diffuse responsibility when confronted by a possible physical injury (Cramer et al., 1988). Recall Donald Liu, whose brave attempt to rescue two boys in Lake Michigan was described earlier the chapter. Liu was a pediatric surgeon, whose job was all about saving children. The woman who shielded her friend from a gunman in a movie theater in Louisiana in July 2015, as described in the beginning of this chapter, was a schoolteacher. A mutual friend attributed her heroism to her training as a teacher

Question 42

what has reaserch said about the effects of teaching people about thiskind of research on the bystander effect and helping behavior?

Answer 42

Latané’s bystander intervention research. Some research supports this point, finding that teaching participants about the research makes them less vulnerable to these effects (Beaman et al., 1978). Indeed, one of the authors of this book remembers being at a lecture in a room filled with social psychologists when a loud crash suddenly emanated from an adjacent room. After a few seconds of delay, dozens of social psychologists burst out of their chairs, almost trampling each other as they rushed to see if there was an emergency. And the only ones who were not explicitly thinking “Darley and Latané” while doing so were the ones thinking “Latané and Darley.”

Question 43

​So what do all these stories and experiments teach you about what to do if you need help in the presence of many people? Is there anything you can do to enhance the chances that someone will come to your aid?

Answer 43

We can offer this advice: Counteract the ambiguity of the situation by making it very clear that you do need help, and reduce diffusion of responsibility by singling out particular individuals for help, such as with eye contact, pointing, or, ideally, with a direct request (Guéguen et al., 2015; Markey, 2000; Moriarty, 1975; Shotland & Stebbins, 1980).

Question 44

what did batson and darley do

Answer 44

ohn Darley and Daniel Batson (1973) examined the role of time pressure in an experiment that produced what may be the most ironic finding in the history of social psychology.

Question 45

moral of the good samaritan story and what happened?

Answer 45

there were three ppl walking- two of high status and one of low status. only the low status man helped someone along the way in need while the other two ppl didn't. A moral of the tale is that people with low status are sometimes more virtuous than those who enjoy high status and prestige. Why? Perhaps in part because high-status individuals tend to be busy people, preoccupied with their own concerns and rushing around to various engagements. Such characteristics may prevent them from noticing or deciding to help a victim in need of assistance.

Question 46

what was the results of the experiment with teaching the seminary students a seminar and then telling them they were late?

Answer 46

Perhaps surprisingly, the topic of the upcoming speech had little effect on helping. The pressure of time, however, made a real difference. Of those who thought they were ahead of schedule, 63% offered help—compared with 45% of those who believed they were on time and only 10% of those who had been told they were late. In describing the events that took place in their study, Darley and Batson noted that “on several occasions a seminary student going to give his talk on the parable of the Good Samaritan literally stepped over the victim as he hurried on his way!” The amazing result is that these seminary students unwittingly demonstrated the very point that the parable they were going to lecture about warns against.

Question 47

what did micahel cunningham make a study on? what were his results? what about nicolas guegen and jordy stefan? what did they find? what could explain the results that all these ppl found?

Answer 47

​Sunshine in Minneapolis and in France, and sweet scents in Albany, New York, give us some clues about the relationship between good mood and helping. Over the course of a year, pedestrians in Minneapolis, Minnesota, were stopped and asked to participate in a survey of social opinions. When Michael Cunningham (1979) tabulated their responses according to the weather conditions, he discovered that people answered more questions on sunny days than on cloudy ones. Cunningham also found that on sunny days restaurant customers gave more generous tips. More recently Nicolas Guégen and Jordy Stefan (2013) found that drivers in Brittany, France, were more likely to pick up hitchhikers (who were confederates of the study) on sunny than on similarly warm but cloudy days. Why should sunshine and helping go together? Probably it’s the mood we’re in, as a sunny day cheers us up and a cloudy day makes us feel, well, gray.

Question 48

what happened with the exp on ppls moods and good smells in a mall? when do ppl tend to go to malls?

Answer 48

when its not sunny or nice out. People approached by a researcher in a mall reported being in a better mood (left) and were more likely to comply to a request for change (right) if they were in an area of the mall with pleasant ambient odors than if they were in an area with no clear odors.

Question 49

Why might a bad mood promote prosocial behavior?

Answer 49

As noted earlier, people know that helping makes them feel good. This point underlies the negative state relief model, which, as we discussed earlier, states that people may be motivated to try to repair a negative mood by helping others. If the likelihood of feeling better by helping is reduced, however, such as because the helping would be difficult and stressful, then helping becomes less likely (

Question 50

setup nd results of the experiment with the college students and video games by dougals gentile and others?

Answer 50

College students or young children played a video game in which the characters acted either in helpful, cooperative ways (prosocial game), violent ways (violent game), or neither (neutral game). They later had the opportunity to help a partner’s chances of earning money by assigning them easy puzzles in a task. Students (graph on left) and children (right) were significantly more likely to help their partner if they had played a prosocial video game than if they had played a neutral or violent game.

Question 51

Longitudinal studies of children and adolescents in Japan and Singapore offer additional support for an association btwn... (in regards to prosocial games and behavior)

Answer 51

between prosocial game playing and subsequent helping behavior. Playing prosocial games at one point in time predicted increases several months or even two years later in empathy and in prosocial behavior. Playing violent video games, in contrast, predicted less subsequent helping behavior (

Question 52

Prosocial television can also have positive impact. ex from a meta analysis?

Answer 52

A meta-analysis of 34 studies involving more than 5,000 children found a reliable positive effect of prosocial television on children’s prosocial behavior, especially when specific acts of altruism were modeled on TV

Question 53

Why do people who exemplify helping inspire us to help? (3x)

Answer 53

Three reasons stand out. First, they provide an example of behavior for us to imitate directly. Second, when they are rewarded for their helpful behavior, people who model helping behavior teach us that helping is valued and rewarding, which strengthens our own inclination to be helpful. Third, the behavior of these models makes us think about and become more aware of the standards of conduct in our society.

Question 54

what is an example of being altruistic for unrelated reasons? where is this type of influence likely to occur (in what kinds of cultures)?

Answer 54

​Have you ever agreed to chip in to buy a present for someone or to do a favor for someone only because your friends or co-workers were doing so and you didn’t want to be the only one not contributing? If so you’ve experienced the act of doing something altruistic for reasons having nothing to do with altruism. Rather, your prosocial behavior was due to peer pressure and social influence. this type of influence may be especially strong in collectivist cultures.

Question 55

Several recent studies support these points. Diane Reyniers and Richa Bhalla (2013)... also what is reluctant altruism?

Answer 55

, for example, gave participants in their study money in return for completing a survey, and then they invited the participants to donate some of this money to charity. If participants thought a fellow participant would know whether and how much they donated, they donated significantly more money than if they did this privately. Some researchers call this kind of peer-influenced behavior reluctant altruism.

Question 56

Another kind of social influence is illustrated in a creative recent study by Marco van Bommel and others (2014). Participants either alone or in the presence of confederates witnessed someone steal some money left unattended by the experimenter who had left the room. results and why tey may have occurred?

Answer 56

Replicating the classic bystander effect, the researchers found that participants were less likely to intervene in the presence of the witnesses than if they were alone. This effect was eliminated (and even reversed), however, if the participants knew there was a security camera recording the room. Not wanting to look unresponsive and callous on camera, and perhaps wanting to have their heroism documented on video, participants sprung to action.

Question 57

As with so many other individual differences, variation in helpfulness appears to be partly based on genetics. . explain with ident v frat twins diffs

Answer 57

Genetically identical (monozygotic) twins are more similar to each other in their helpful behavioral tendencies and their helping-related emotions and reactions, such as empathy, than are fraternal (dizygotic) twins, who share only a portion of their genetic makeup

Question 58

). Joan Chiao (2011) estimates that what percent of prosocial behavior cn be attributed to genes?

Answer 58

between 56% and 72% of prosocial behavior can be attributed to genetic effects.

Question 59

For example, in their sample of 564 Japanese undergraduates Ryo Oda and others (2014) found that ...

Answer 59

conscientiousness was associated with altruism toward family members, agreeableness was associated with altruism toward friends and aquaintances, and openness was associated to altruism toward strangers.

Question 60

Some research has found, however, that a few traits do tend to be related to helping behavior.

Answer 60

People who tend to be very agreeable, and people who are relatively humble, are more likely to be helpful than people who are disagreeable or lack humility

Question 61

Individual differences in moral reasoning may be particularly important. Children and adults who exhibit internalized and advanced levels of moral reasoning tend to behave more 1 Such reasoning involves 2 In contrast, people whose reasoning is focused on their own needs or on the concrete personal consequences that their actions are likely to have 3

Answer 61

1altruistically than others. 2adhering to moral standards and taking into account the needs of others when making decisions about courses of action. 3 tend not to engage in many helping behaviors

Question 62

If you’ve been paying attention in this chapter, you shouldn’t be too surprised at what trait has received the most attention in predicting helping behavior:

Answer 62

empathy.

Question 63

what did abigail marsh and others find about the neurological diff btwn ppl who volunteered to donate a kidney to a stranger and other people

Answer 63

. Abigail Marsh and others (2015) recently found an intriguing neurological difference between people who volunteered to donate a kidney to a stranger and other people: The volunteers showed greater responsiveness in the right amygdala to others’ fearful facial expressions, consistent with the idea that these individuals exhibited more empathic concern for the suffering of a stranger.

Question 64

what happened with the brain imaging tudy and the people on fire in their virtual lives? what was concluded? what was found? what was the goal of the exp?

Answer 64

nother recent brain-imaging study went a step further by also utilizing virtual technology. In a particularly creative study by Marco Zanon and others (2014) participants were virtually immersed in a building on fire and had to evacuate to save their virtual selves. They came across another person who was injured, trapped, and calling for help—allegedly the avatar of a fellow participant in the study (but in reality it was programmed by the experimenters) (see d  Figure 10.11). Would the participants risk their own virtual lives to stop and help this trapped person, or would they look out for themselves and head straight for the exit? Remarkably, while all this was happening the participants were in an MRI scanner and their brain activity was recorded. Zanon and his colleagues found that participants who showed heightened activation in neural regions associated with perspective taking were the ones most likely to risk their virtual lives to try to help the trapped other person.

Question 65

The importance of both empathy and moral reasoning is illuminated in a fascinating line of research by Elizabeth Midlarsky, Stephanie Fagin-Jones, and their colleagues (Fagin-Jones & Midlarsky, 2007; Midlarsky what did they do an exp on and what did they find

Answer 65

et al., 2005). They contrasted the personalities of “non-Jewish heroes of the Holocaust”—people who risked their lives to help Jews despite having no expectation of any extrinsic rewards—with bystanders who did not help during the Holocaust. The researchers found that rescuers did indeed tend to differ from bystanders on a combination of several variables associated with prosocial behavior, particularly empathic concern and moral reasoning.g

Question 66

Some research suggests that helping that is due to peer pressure or similar types of social influence might be especially common in collectivist cultures, where there are strong pressures to conform to norms. - describe how findings from Italy and singabore study support this

Answer 66

In a study looking at bystander intervention in bullying in Italy (a relatively individualistic culture) and Singapore (a relatively collectivistic culture), researchers asked participants to report how much they felt their peers expected them to intervene in bullying situations. While students in both countries were more likely to report intervening when they felt more pressure from peers, this relationship was stronger for students in Singapore (Pozzoli, Ang, & Gini, 2012)

Question 67

what did debhraoh cai and others find about a cultural diff btwn Chinese and American people.

Answer 67

Another interesting cultural difference was reported by Deborah Cai and others (2012). They found that Chinese participants were more willing to give money to help someone who needed some money than were American participants, but American participants were more willing than the Chinese participants to spend time and talk with someone who needed that kind of social support.

Question 68

what happened with the exp with male motorists picking up female hitchikers? who was more likely to get picked up? which female experimenters were more likely to get their surveys taken?

Answer 68

Certainly one explanation for some of these findings is that people help attractive others in the hope of establishing some kind of relationship with an attractive person. Not many people would be shocked to learn, for example, that male motorists in France were more likely to stop their cars and offer a ride to female hitchhikers whose bust size was enhanced (by a bra worn by a confederate) or who were smiling (Guéguen, 2007; Guéguen & Fischer-Lokou, 2004). (For whatever it’s worth, Guéguen and colleagues (Guéguen & Lamy, 2009; Guéguen & Stefan, 2015) have also reported that female hitchhikers wearing a blond wig were more likely to be helped by male motorists than those wearing brown or black wigs, and men were more likely to help an experimenter by taking her survey if she was wearing high heels than flat or short heels.)

Question 69

who has a better chance of getting help attractive or unattractive ppl

Answer 69

Attractive people have a better chance than unattractive people of getting help when they need it.

Question 70

what did jean decety find about when people were asked to learn about the pain of others with aids.

Answer 70

Jean Decety and others (2010) found that when participants learned about the pain of individuals with AIDS, they showed brain activity indicating greater sensitivity if they thought the individuals had contracted AIDS through a blood transfusion rather than drug use.

Question 71

relationship btwn similarity and helping, and helping ingroup v outgroup members

Answer 71

All kinds of similarity—from dress to attitudes to nationality—increase our willingness to help, and signs of dissimilarity decrease it (Batson et al., 2005; Dovidio, 1984). People also are much more likely to help fellow ingroup members than they are to help members of an outgroup.

Question 72

how did mark levine and others demonstrate the relationship between similarity and helping w his exp

Answer 72

Mark Levine and others (2005) demonstrated this point in a clever field experiment based on the bystander intervention research discussed earlier in the chapter. Participants who were fans of a particular British football (soccer) team came across a fallen jogger who seemed to be in pain. They were much more likely to offer the jogger help if he was wearing a shirt of the participants’ favorite team than if he was wearing either a rival team’s shirt or a neutral shirt.

Question 73

what did swann and burhmester say about identitify fusion? can if occur in big groups or only small ones? how does feeling close to someone affect helping behavior? what did they measure? what happened at the bombing at the Boston marathon? what did researchers do after it and what was found?

Answer 73

William Swann and Michael Buhrmester (2015) report that people who experience identity fusion with a group—that is, a strong sense of “oneness” and shared identity with a group and its individual members—are more likely to help group members, even to the point of risking or sacrificing their lives in the process. The groups to which people feel fused may even be relatively large and abstract. Buhrmester and Swann (2015) measured how fused a sample of Americans felt with their country. The researchers couldn’t have known this, of course, but a week later there was a terrorist bombing at the 2013 Boston Marathon. Two days after the bombing the researchers contacted the participants again and asked them what actions, if any, they had taken to help the victims of the bombing. The more fused the participants were with their country, the more likely they were to have taken actions to provide support for the victims.

Question 74

Two individuals have a close relationship. Every so often, one of them needs assistance that takes time and energy to provide but is not physically dangerous. No one else is around to notice whether help is given. - what is this situation? who is who? what kind of support do women tend to give more than men? what is it important for?

Answer 74

Situation B, in contrast, is the classic female-helper scenario. Every day, millions of people provide support for their friends and loved ones, and some reviews indicate that women are more likely to provide this kind of help than are men (Eagly, 2009; Hyde, 2014). Though it lacks the high drama of an emergency intervention, this type of helping, called “social support,” plays a crucial role in the quality of our lives.

Question 75

Two strangers pass on the street. Suddenly, one of them needs help that might be dangerous to give. Other people are watching. what is this situation? who is who?who is more helpful and likely to receive help- men or women? when would men want to help in more dramatic ways?

Answer 75

Situation A is a classic male-helper scenario. Because much of the research on helping used to focus on emergency situations, such as in the bystander intervention studies, older reviews tended to find that, on average, men are more helpful than women and women receive more help than men (Eagly & Crowley, 1986). Men also may be more likely to help in dramatic ways when they feel in competition with another man. Frank McAndrew and Carin Perilloux (2012) found that if there is an opportunity to look more heroic than another man in the eyes of a woman observing, men may become especially likely to volunteer to endure pain to benefit the rest of their group.

Question 76

why do men seek help less than women

Answer 76

Help-seeking is less socially acceptable for men and is more threatening to their self-esteem and status (Rosette et al., 2015; Wills & DePaulo, 1991).

Question 77

Cultures also vary in their endorsement or applications of social norms. - what is the norm of reciprocity

Answer 77

Social norms are general rules of conduct established by society. These norms embody standards of socially approved and disapproved behavior. The norm of reciprocity, for example, dictates that if someone has helped us, we should help him or her in return.

Question 78

The norm of equity prescribes that... | what may ppl also b motivated by?

Answer 78

when people are in a situation in which they feel overbenefited (receiving more benefits than earned), they should help those who are underbenefited (receiving fewer benefits than earned). Some people subscribe to the norm of social responsibility, which dictates that people should help those who need assistance. However, people may instead be motivated more by concerns about justice or fairness, which emphasizes that people should help those who deserve their assistance rather than simply because they need help (Lerner, 1998).

Question 79

what did mullen and skitka propose about helping in collectivist v individualistic cultures?

Answer 79

Elizabeth Mullen and Linda Skitka (2009) proposed that this may be a stronger influence on helping in individualist cultures—where individuals may be expected to have more control over their own fates—than in a collectivist one. On the other hand, perceptions of how much the person in need contributes to society might affect the helping decisions of collectivists—who have stronger norms of interdependence—more than of individualists.

Question 80

what was mullen and skitkas exp? what did they do and have participants do? what were the results? what played a bigger role in the Americans v the unkrainians decision.

Answer 80

To test these ideas, Mullen and Skitka (2009) had participants from the United States and the Ukraine (a more collectivistic society) read about 16 individuals who needed an organ transplant. Information about each individual suggested that some were more responsible for their illness than others (e.g., a person who continued to eat unhealthy foods and resist exercise despite warnings versus a person who had a genetically defective organ In both cultures, people were less likely to help patients who were more responsible for their organ failure or who contributed less to society. However, as can be seen in d  Figure 10.13, the issue of personal responsibility played a bigger role in the decisions made by the Americans, whereas the issue of contribution to society played a bigger role in the decisions by the Ukrainians.

Question 81

what are some cultural differences in seeking help found between asians, asian Americans, and European ameriacna? why may this be? what is implicit social support and which group tends to have it more?

Answer 81

There also may be cultural differences in seeking help. Heejung Kim and others (2012), for example, observed that Asians and Asian Americans report seeking social support less than European Americans do. This greater resistance to seeking help among Asians and Asian Americans may be due to greater concerns about shame, receiving criticism, and hurting the relationship with the person or people whom they would ask for help. Indeed, Shelley Taylor and others (2007) found that seeking and receiving social support from close others are more stressful—both psychologically and physiologically—to Asian and Asian American students than to European American students. Asian students benefited more from what the researchers called implicit social support—support that comes from just thinking about close others but that does not involve actually seeking or receiving their help in coping with stressful events.

Question 82

what relationship is very important in helping research

Answer 82

The relationship between helping and interpersonal connection runs like a bright red thread through much of the research on helping.

Question 83

Among the factors that helped promote the evolution of altruism and empathy are (3x)

Answer 83

kin selection (in which individuals protect their own genes by helping close relatives), reciprocal altruism (in which those who give also receive), and the survival advantages of intragroup cooperation and caring for offspring.

Question 84

Helping others often makes the helper what? what about long term or high risk helping?

Answer 84

feel good, can relieve negative feelings such as guilt, and can improve mental and physical health. Long-term or high-risk helping, however, can be costly to the health and well-being of the helper.

Question 85

According to the empathy–altruism hypothesis,

Answer 85

taking the perspective of a person perceived to be in need creates the other-oriented emotion of empathic concern, which in turn produces the altruistic motive to reduce the other’s distress.

Question 86

Self-interested goals for longer-term acts of helping, such as volunteering, can

Answer 86

promote a commitment to helping behavior to the extent that such goals are met.

Question 87

what is the bystander effect? why ca it happen? what may be a very imp factor underlying it?

Answer 87

The bystander effect, through which the presence of others inhibits helping, can occur because of obstacles on any of five steps on the path to helping. Diffusion of responsibility may be an especially important factor underlying this effect.

Question 88

moods and helpfulness

Answer 88

A good mood often increases helpfulness; a bad mood may increase or decrease helpfulness, depending on the context.

Question 89

what two things have been found to inc helping

Answer 89

Prosocial role models and social influence have both been found to increase helping.

Question 90

Individual differences that predict helping behaviors include

Answer 90

agreeableness, humility, advanced moral reasoning, and, especially, empathy.

Question 91

Attractive individuals and members of one’s ingroups are more likely to

Answer 91

receive help than are those who are less attractive or are members of an outgroup.

Question 92

Cultural differences have been found in how much

Answer 92

individuals differentiate between helping members of their ingroups versus outgroups, and in what roles various social norms play in determining whom to help.