chapter 10 Flashcards
1
Q
Communicable disease
A
A disease that can be given from one person to the next
2
Q
Microbe (microorganism)
A
A living thing that cannot be seen with the naked eye;
examples include bacteria and viruses
3
Q
Normal (resident) flora
A
The harmless microbes that live in and on the body and
help it function properly
4
Q
pathogens
A
Microbe that can cause illness
5
Q
Opportunistic microbes
A
Opportunistic microbes
Microbes that are considered normal resident flora when they are in or on one part of the body,
but can cause infection if they move out of that area and into
or onto another part of the body
normal if in own part, infection if they move
6
Q
colonies
A
Groups of bacteria
7
Q
aerobic
A
An adjective use to describe
bacteria that need oxygen in order to live
(opp of anaerobic)
8
Q
anaerobic
A
anaerobic
An adjective used to describe
bacteria that can survive without oxygen
an=not
9
Q
antibodies
What
where do they come from
what do they do
A
what are antibodies?
specialized proteins
produced by the immune system
that help our bodies to fight off specific microbes,
preventing infection
10
Q
MDROs
A
Multi-drug resistant organisms
Bacteria that are resistant to one or more classes of antimicrobial agents
bacteria resistant drug
11
Q
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
A
A type of bacteria that has become resistant to
methicillin a powerful antibiotic
bacteria-resistant methicillin
12
Q
Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE)
A
A type of bacteria that has become resistant to vancomycin, a powerful antibiotic
13
Q
mdro
A
multidrug resistant organism
14
Q
MRSA
A
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
15
Q
VRE
A
vancomycin resistant enterococcus
16
Q
Infection
A
disease caused by pathogen microbes
17
Q
Chain of infection
A
Six key cond that must be met for a person to get a communicable infection
18
Q
contaminated
A
Adj used to describe an
object soiled by pathogens
19
Q
fomites
A
Non living object that has been contaminated
20
Q
vector
A
Living creature, such as an insect, that can transmit a disease
21
Q
virulence
A
strength or disease producing potentional of a pathogen
22
Q
HAI
A
health care associated infections
23
Q
Health care associated infections (HAI)
A
Infections that pts and res get
while receiving tx in a hc facility
or
that hc workers get while performing their duties within a hc setting
24
Q
Nosocomial infections
A
Infections that patients or res get while receiving treatment in a hc facility;
a type of HAI
25
Infection control
basic practices
designed to decrease the chance that an infection will spread
from one person to another in a healthcare setting
26
Medical asepsis
Techniques that are used to physically remove or kill pathogens
27
sanitization
**practices associated with basic cleanliness**
* such as hand-washing
* cleansing of eating utensils
* and other surfaces
* with soap and water and providing
* clean Linens and clothing
**one of the techniques of medical asepsis**
28
antisepsis
**Practices that kill microbes**
or **stop them from growing**
one of the techniques of **medical asepsis**
29
disinfection
the use of strong **chemicals** to **kill pathogens** on **non-living objects**
* that come in contact with body fluids or substances
* such as bedpans
* urinals
* and bed tables
one of the techniques of **medical asepsis**
30
sterilization
the process of **completely eliminating microbes** from the surface of an object
using an **autoclave** or
**chemicals**
one of the techniques of **medical asepsis**
31
medical Asespsis
techniques
med asepsis - techniques to kill pathogens
1. antisepsis - practices to kill microbes
2. sanitization - basic, soap and water, hands
3. disinfect - chemicals, kill on non living things
4. sterilization - eliminate autoclave chemicals
32
transient flora
**Microbes** that are **picked up by touching contaminated**
**objects or people** who have an infectious disease
33
PPE
**barriers** that are **worn** to physically **prevent** microbes from reaching a healthcare provider skin or mucous membranes
34
**Isolation precautions**
what
who
how
why
guidelines **based** on a pathogens **method of transmission**
that healthcare workers follow
contain pathogen
and limit others exposure to it as much as possible
35
Standard precautions
## Footnote
**Precautions** that a hc worker takes with **each pt**
to **prevent contact** with **bloodborne pathogens;**
incl the use of **barrier methods** -like gloves
certain **env control** methods
36
Transmission based precaution
**Precautions** that a hc worker takes when a person
is known to have a **disease** that is **transmitted in a certain way;**
includes
1. airborne prec,
2. droplet,
3. and contact prec
37
Airborne precautions
**Used when** caring for people infected with pathogens that can be **transmitted through the air**
including
1. placing the patient in a **private room** with the door closed
2. wearing a **mask** when caring for the patient
3. and **minimizing** the amount of **time** the person spends **out of** his or her private **room**
**air borne, private room, mask,time in room**
38
(AIIR)
Airborne infection isolation room
39
Airborne infection isolation room (AIIR)
what
how
why
Single occupancy patient care room
with special ventilation and filtration systems
used to isolate persons with an Airborne infectious disease
40
Droplet precautions
used when caring for people infected with pathogens that can be transmitted by **direct exposure to droplets**
released from the mouth or nose
example
1. cough
2. sneeze
3. talk
41
Contact precautions
used when caring for people infected with pathogens that can be **transmitted directly by touching** the person or **indirectly by touching fomites**
include using **barrier methods** whenever in contact with the infected person
for items contaminated with wound drainage or body substances is necessary
42
Transmission Based Precautions
airborne precautions
droplet precautions
contact precautions
43
What is a normal or resident flora
harmless microbe helps human body to function properly
44
What is a pathogen
cause illness
can be normal flora in one part of the body and a pathogen in another
example
escherichia coli usually lives in large intestine is harmless but if it gets into another part of the body where it is not normal flora like the bladder it causes an infection
45
opportunistic microbe
is normal one place but harmful another
Becomes pathogenic
46
types of microbes
bacteria
virus
fungi
parasites
47
bacteria
## Footnote
what are they
only **one cell**
reproduce by **dividing in half**
live in **colonies**
48
how are bacteria classified
classified
by Shape
the way they arrange themselves in a colony
by the way they stain or react to dye
49
what are bacteria shapes
round equals cocci (circle, cocci)
rod-shaped= spirilla
50
how are bacteria named
51
What is aerobic bacteria
need oxygen to live
52
what is anaerobic bacteria
die if oxygen is present
53
where do most bacteria that caused illness live?
warm moist dark environments
source of nutrition in order to grow
54
what is an endospore?
hard shell surrounds bacteria
enter state of inactivity
when growing conditions available bacterium active again
55
What is special about bacteria with endospores?
very difficult to kill
because of protective endospores
include:
1. strep throat,
2. bladder infections,
3. skin infections
56
how are several rod-shaped bacteria transmitted?
By **ticks, fleas**
diseases like
1. Rocky Mountain spotted fever
2. and typhus
57
what are viruses
smallest microbes
not complete cells - small bundles of protein
58
how do viruses work?
BC **not complete cells**
**cannot** carry out normal cellular activities such as **reproduction** by themselves
must **take over host cell**
usually plant or animal cell
once **inside host ce**ll virus uses the host cell to **make copies** of itself
the **virus** and all **its copies breakthrough** host cells wall **killing** the host cell in freeing the viruses to **infect other** neighboring host **cells**
59
what are progeny
viruses copies in cells
60
what illnesses are caused by viruses?
## Footnote
cold,
fever blisters,
chickenpox,
hepatitis,
AIDS, HIV
61
mad cow disease
## Footnote
Caused by C r e u t z f e l d t-jakob disease
caused by virus
62
fungi
63
group of **plant-like organisms**
many fungi **help us**
* ringworm,
* athlete's foot,
* thrush,
* candidiasis
64
parasites
**live in a host** plant or animal
use host for **food and protection**
can be **transmitted** from one person to another through **physical contact**
* scabies
* pediculosis (lice)
parasites transferred from one person to another through
**feces or blood**
65
what are helminths
## Footnote
type of parasite
worm-like organisms that live in the human body
include pinworms, tapeworms, roundworms
transmitted by eating undercooked meet inhaling worm eggs thru feces
**type of parasite**
**worm-like** organisms that live in the human body
include
* pinworms,
* tapeworms,
* roundworms
transmitted by eating **undercooked meat**
inhaling worm eggs thru **feces**
66
protozoa
**parasites** that take in food
illnesses like
* malaria, dysentery
from **drinking contaminated water**
67
What is main defense mechanism?
healthy intact skin and mucous membranes
Prevents pathogens from entering the body
68
why is intact skin and mucous system so important?
natural lubricants contain substances that prevent growth of pathogens
mucous membranes line all organ systems that come in contact with the outside world
cells of mucous membrane secrete mucus that creates a **physical barrier by trapping and destroying pathogens**
wash hands
drink water
brushed teeth
stomach acid kills microbes in food
tears have substance that kills microbes
coughing remove inhaled microbes
69
what are the bodies other defences
1. intact skin
**2. mucous** membranes line all organ systems that come in contact with the outside world
3. wash hands
4. drink water
5. brushed teeth
6. **stomach acid** kills microbes in food
7. **tears** have substance that kills microbes
8. **coughing** remove inhaled microbes
70
after first defences is second defence
called
## Footnote
General immune response
inflammation response
71
## Footnote
General immune response
inflammation response
**way to fight off microbes** if they get through the First Defense
blood vessels around the site of the infection **dilate** allowing **more** **blood flow** to the area
increased blood flow brings **more oxygen** and **nutrients** to the tissues
increased blood flow brings white blood cells called **leukocytes**
**leukocytes destroy pathogens** that invade the body **by eating them or secreting substances that cause them to die**
increase blood flow causes **infected area** to become r**ed warm swollen and painful**
**pathogens do not like heat**
fever helps destroy pathogens
72
culture and sensitivity test
diagnostic test to find out **which microbe is causing the infection**
and **what medication treats** it
maybe
in urine
wound drainage
other bodily fluids or substances
73
signs of infection
tell the nurse immediately
1. Fever
2. rapid pulse rapid respiratory rate or changes in blood pressure
3. pain or difficulty breathing
4. redness swelling or pain
5. foul-smelling or cloudy urine
6. pain or difficulty urinating
7. diarrhea or foul-smelling feces
8. nausea or vomiting
9. lack of appetite
10. skin rashes
11. Fatigue
12. increased confusion or disorientation
13. any unusual discharge or drainage from the body
74
non-specific defense mechanisms
physical barriers
General immune responses
75
specific defense mechanisms
## Footnote
**1.antibiotics**
specialized proteins fight off specific microbes
develop antibodies following exposure to the microbe
may come from previous infection or through vaccination
2. Antibiotics
drug that is able to kill bacteria or make it difficult for them to reproduce and grow
penicillin first WW2
**3. Antimicrobials**
treat fungal and parasitic infections
**4. Antiviral**
treat some viral infections
76
what are multi drug-resistant organisms, mdro's?
**bacteria t**hat are **resistan**t to one or more classes of **antibiotics**
dangerous because **patients do not have healthy immune** systems therefore **less able to figh**t off infections
difficult to treat because **microbes are resistant to the drugs that used to treat them**
77
where is VRE
Vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE)
* in digestive tract
* contact with feces
78
where is MRSA
methicillin-resistant- staphylo coccus aureus MRSA
* found on person skin
* transmitted easily through person-to-person contact
79
what happens when antibiotics kill off good bacteria?
1. they're not destroyed by the antibiotic
2. will grow rapidly
like **c-diff**
* causes healthcare-associated diarrhea
* spread from person to person
80
what is an infection?
**illness caused by a pathogen**
can be **local** or **small** area
**generalized** effects **large** area or an organ
**systemic** effects the entire body
most infections are **communicable**
81
contagious
infection that can be **easily transmitted** from one person to another through **casual contact**
like a cold
**cold is contagious and communicable**
82
communicable
Not transmitted through casual contact
needs conditions to be met
conditions are called Chain of Infection
contagious=easily caught thru casual
communicable - not as easy, chain of infection
83
chain of infection
pathogen
reservoir
portal of exit
method of transmission
portal of entry
susceptible host
84
pathogen
Pathogen
**microorganism** **capable** of causing an infection must be **present** and **strong** enough and in large enough numbers to cause an infection
85
reservoir
Reservoir
place where something is stored
collected X
humans animals food water milk objects that come in contact with an infected person secretions or bodily fluids
86
portal of exit
portal of exit
pathogen leaves the reservoir
digestive tract,
respiratory tract,
urinary tract,
reproductive tracts,
skin
87
method of transmission
method of transmission
pathogen needs way to get to another person
88
portal of entry
take over a new person's body
respiratory urinary digestive reproductive systems
Breaks in skin
89
susceptible host
susceptible host
usually can fight off pathogens
factors put us at risk for infection
90
direct transmission
close **contact** between an **infected** and **non-infected** person
**inhales** or **ingests** droplets excelled by the infected person
91
indirect transmission
## Footnote
non-infected person comes in **contact with a non-living objec**t that has been **contaminated by pathogens**
92
what is a fomite
non-living object contaminated by a pathogen
* glass of water
* sheets that have been slept on
93
what does a vector do?
living creature that transmits protozoan and other pathogens
94
risks of infection
1. very young or very old age
2. Poor General Health
3. stress and fatigue
4. indwelling medical devices
95
how do you break the chain of infection?
**take away one of the six elements**
1. Antibiotics
2. covering wounds
3. hand hygiene
4. cleanliness, Linens, glasses,
96
why is virulence important?
strength for disease producing potential
actual number of pathogens that enter the body
97
healthcare-associated infections
h a i
infections that people get while they're in the hospital or other healthcare agencies
patient or worker
98
most common method of transmission for hai’s and VRE?
hands of health care workers
99
what is infection control?
**best practices** in a facility designed to decrease the chance that an infection will be spread from one person to another
1. Asepsis
2. Surgical asepsis
3. barrier methods
4. isolation precautions
100
how is medical asepsis achieved?
physically removing or killing pathogens
achieved through
1. soap water
2. antiseptics
3. disinfectants
4. or heat
101
what is the goal of medical asepsis
remove pathogenic microbes from
1. surfaces
2. equipment
3. hands of healthcare workers
four techniques that make up medical asepsis
1. sanitization,
2. antisepsis,
3. disinfection, a
4. nd sterilization
102
how is sanitization practiced?
1. basic cleanliness
2. hand washing
3. cleaning of eating utensils
4. other surfaces with soap and water
5. clean Linens and closing lids
103
how is antisepsis practiced?
1. kill microbes or stop them from growing
2. chemical that is capable of killing a pathogen or preventing it from growing
3. used on skin or other services
4. rubbing alcohol and iodine
5. some soaps
