Chapter 10 Airway Management, Respiration, Ventilation & Oxygenation

Question 1

Process of gas exchange occuring between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries and between body cells and their capillaries

Answer 1

Respiration

Question 2

Breathing. The mechanical process of moving air.
Related to Minute Ventilation and Alveolar Ventilation

Answer 2

Pulmonary Ventilation

Question 3

Gas Exchange between cells and systemic capillaries.
Cell/Capillary gas exchange
Responsible for delivering oxygen to cell and removing carbon dioxide from cell

Answer 3

Internal Respiration

Question 4

Gas exchange between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries.
Oxygenates blood and eliminates Carbon Dioxide in lungs

Answer 4

External Respiration

Question 5

Occurs in the cell.
Breaks down glucose with oxygen present and creates large amounts of ATP and releases Carbon Dioxide and water as a by-product.
Also known as Aerobic Metabolism

Answer 5

Cellular respiration and cellular metabolism

Question 6

extends from nose and mouth to cricoid cartilage

Answer 6

upper airway

Question 7

both nasopharynx and oropharynx enter the

Answer 7

pharynx

Question 8

2 passageways found at lower end of pharynx

Answer 8

trachea and esophogus

Question 9

passageway for air traveling in to the lungs

Answer 9

trachea

Question 10

Food and water are routed through the

Answer 10

esophogus

Question 11

Trachea is protected by small leaf shaped flap of cartilaginous tissue.
This acts as a valve that closes over larynx while food and drink are being swallowed.
other times it is pulled away from the larynx to promote breathing

Answer 11

Epiglottis

Question 12

Superior (above) the trachea and inferior (below) the epiglottis
contains vocal cords

Answer 12

larynx

Question 13

Anterior portion of the larynx is composed of_______
Can be felt from front of throat

Answer 13

Thyroid cartilage

Question 14

most inferior part of larynx.
only completely circular cartilaginous ring of the upper airway

Answer 14

cricoid cartilage

Question 15

Common site of airway obstruction in adults and children

Answer 15

Larynx

Question 16

Extends from cricoid cartilage to alveoli

Answer 16

lower airway

Question 17

Commonly known as the windpipe.
Passageway for air entering the lungs.
extends from larynx to carina

Answer 17

Trachea

Question 18

Point where trachea splits into right and left mainstem bronchi

Answer 18

Carina

Question 19

2 major branches of trachea
extends from Carina into the lungs

Answer 19

bronchi

Question 20

Bronchi divides into smaller sections or branches
composed of smooth muscle

Answer 20

Bronchioles

Question 21

Alveoli is wrapped in thin walled capillaries. These are called

Answer 21

Pulmonary Capillaries

Question 22

Bronchioles terminate into millions of tiny air sacs.
Each air sac is wrapped in thin walled capillaries

Answer 22

Alveoli

Question 23

innermost covering of the lungs

Answer 23

Visceral Pleura

Question 24

Thicker more elastic layer of lungs that attaches to the chest wall

Answer 24

Parietal Pleura

Question 25

Fluid that acts as a lubricant to reduce friction when layers of pleura rub together during breathing.

Answer 25

Serous Fluid

Question 26

Muscle separating chest and abdominal cavity. major muscle used for breathing 60-70% of effort of breathing

Answer 26

Diaphragm

Question 27

Passage of air in and out of your lungs. Creates pressure changes in lungs to draw air in and force air out of lungs

Answer 27

Ventilation

Question 28

When the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract creating negative pressure. This is an active process because of use of muscles

Answer 28

Inhalation/inspiration

Question 29

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax. Diaphragm moves up and ribs move down. Pressure becomes positive Known as a passive process

Answer 29

Exhalation/expiration

Question 30

In some respiratory diseases such as asthma there is difficulty moving air in and out of the lungs from increased resistance. Must contract muscles for inhalation and exhalation. This makes exhalation become

Answer 30

Active Process

Question 31

Continuously monitors levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH in arterial blood. Stimulates increase or decrease in impulses from respiratory center to control rate and depth

Answer 31

Chemoreceptors

Question 32

located in medulla. most sensitive to change in blood pH and Carbon Dioxide

Answer 32

Central Chemoreceptors

Question 33

located in carotid arteries and aortic arch. More sensitive to oxygen changes in arterial blood

Answer 33

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 34

respiratory system responds primarily to changes in

Answer 34

Carbon Dioxide levels

Question 35

if increase in carbon dioxide in arterial blood, chemoreceptors send impulse to increase the rate and depth of ventilation. increased respirator rate = increased carbon dioxide elimination. Healthy people

Answer 35

hypercarbic drive

Question 36

people with COPD carbon dioxide is chronically elevated. Chemoreceptors become insensitive to change in carbon dioxide and rely on oxygen changes to regulate breathing. This is referred to as

Answer 36

hypoxic drive

Question 37

process where blood and cells become saturated with oxygen

Answer 37

oxygenation

Question 38

low oxygen content in arterial blood. Occurs from a ventilation/perfusion mismatch

Answer 38

hypoxemia

Question 39

inadequate amount of oxygen delivery to the cells

Answer 39

hypoxia

Question 40

Tachypnea Dyspnea Tachycardia Pale, cool and clammy skin elevation in Blood Pressure Restlessness and agitation headache These are all signs of

Answer 40

Mild/Moderate Hypoxia

Question 41

Tachypnea Dyspnea Cyanosis Tachycardia Severe confusion loss of coordination slow reaction time altered mental status seizure are all signs of

Answer 41

Severe hypoxia

Question 42

process of forcing air into patient's lungsq

Answer 42

Positive Pressure Ventilation

Question 43

Blood moving into capillaries is ______ Oxygen diffuses from alveoli and carbon dioxide diffuses from capillaries

Answer 43

deoxygenated

Question 44

found in the cytoplasm of red blood cells. picks up most of oxygen in arterial blood (97%) and carries it from arterial system to capillaries

Answer 44

Hemoglobin

Question 45

Iron containing respiratory protein in red blood cells. Transports oxygen from lungs to body

Answer 45

hemoglobin

Question 46

Infants breathe through their

Answer 46

nose

Question 47

complete cessation of breathing

Answer 47

Apnea

Question 48

Most common cause of cardiac arrest in children

Answer 48

Hypoxia

Question 49

air felt and heard moving out of nose and mouth. Person speaks full sentences with no difficulty. Sound of the person's voice is normal. These are all signs of

Answer 49

patent airway (open)

Question 50

Occurs when upper airway is partially obstructed by tongue or relaxed tissue in the pharynx. Corrected by performing head tilt, chin lift

Answer 50

Snoring

Question 51

muscles around larynx spasm making a sound like a crow cawing

Answer 51

crowing

Question 52

if you hear gurgling you should

Answer 52

suction immediately

Question 53

Harsh high pitched sound heard during inspiration. Characteristic of significant upper airway obstruction

Answer 53

Stridor

Question 54

Altered mental status at risk of aspirating should be positioned how

Answer 54

modified lateral recovery position

Question 55

suction pressure for an adult

Answer 55

100-120 mmHg

Question 56

Suction pressure for a child

Answer 56

80-100 mmHg

Question 57

Suction pressure for an infant

Answer 57

60-80 mmHG

Question 58

patient must be unresponsive with no gag reflex to use this airway adjunct

Answer 58

Oropharyngeal Airway(OPA)

Question 59

Oral airway can't be inserted due to clenching, biting, injury, unable to tolerate and OPA Patient not fully responsive

Answer 59

Nasopharyngeal Airway (NPA)

Question 60

Amount of air in and out of the lungs in 1 inspiration

Answer 60

Tidal Volume

Question 61

Amount of air moved in and out of lungs in 1 minute

Answer 61

Minute Volume

Question 62

Amount of air breathed that reaches the alveoli

Answer 62

Alveolar Ventilation

Question 63

Adequate rate Clear and equal breath sounds bilaterally Adequate air movement felt and heard from mouth and nose Good chest rise and fall These are all signs of

Answer 63

Adequate breathing

Question 64

Adult Average Respiratory rate

Answer 64

12-20 per minute

Question 65

Adolescent (12-15) respiratory rate

Answer 65

12-20 per minute

Question 66

School age (6-11) respiratory rate

Answer 66

18-25 per minute

Question 67

Toddler (1-2) Respiratory rate

Answer 67

22-37 per minute

Question 68

Infant (1 month-12 months) respiratory rate

Answer 68

30-53 per minute

Question 69

Neonate (birth-1 month) respiratory rate

Answer 69

40-60 per minute

Question 70

working harder to breathe rate and volume still adequate needs oxygen signs of

Answer 70

respiratory distress

Question 71

inadequate breathing

Answer 71

Respiratory failure

Question 72

Occurs when breathing stops completely

Answer 72

Respiratory arrest

Question 73

30 compressions to 2 ventilations in ______ patients with no pulse

Answer 73

Adult

Question 74

40-60 ventilations with pulse

Answer 74

newborns

Question 75

compression and ventilation 3:1 with no pulse

Answer 75

newborns

Question 76

Ventilation in adult patient with a pulse

Answer 76

10-12 per minute (every 3-5 seconds)

Question 77

Pediatric ventilation rate (1 year-14 years)

Answer 77

12-20 per minute (every 3-5 seconds)

Question 78

Infant with pulse ventilation rate

Answer 78

12-20 per minute (every 3-5 seconds)

Question 79

in every patient ventilation is delivered over ____ seconds

Answer 79

1 second

Question 80

Adult ventilation and compression rate with no pulse

Answer 80

30 compressions to 2 ventilations

Question 81

Child/Infant ventilation rate (1 person CPR)

Answer 81

30 compressions to 2 ventilations

Question 82

Infant/child ventilation and compression rate (2 person CPR)

Answer 82

25 compressions to 2 ventilations

Question 83

newborn without a pulse ventilation and compression rate

Answer 83

Ventilation 30 per minute in conjunction with compressions 3 compressions to 1 ventilation

Question 84

4 factors of breathing that must be assessed when determining whether a patient's breathing is adequate

Answer 84

Rate Rhythm Quality Depth

Question 85

List and describe 4 sounds they may indicate airway obstruction

Answer 85

Snoring- occurs when upper airway is partially obstructed by the tongue or relaxed tissue of the pharynx Crowing- sounds like a crow cawing gurgling- sound like gargling Stridor- harsh high pitched sound heard during inspiration

Question 86

List 8 signs of inadequate breathing

Answer 86

Retractions Nose Flaring Unequal chest rise fast or slow respiratory rate wheezing unequal breath sounds abdominal breathing irregular ryhthm

Question 87

List 4 methods of providing positive pressure ventilation

Answer 87

mouth to mask bag valve mask CPAP Automatic Transport Ventilator