Chapter 10 Blood

Question 1

1. What is in blood and what does it do

Answer 1

1. Plasma (55%)
   - water,
   -salts (electrolytes),
   -plasma proteins,
   -substances transported by blood
2. Formed elements cells (45%)
   -Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
   -leukocytes (white blood cells)
   -platelets

Transport system carrying nutrients, clotting to stop bleeding, and fighting infections

Question 2

2. Describe the composition of plasma and the specific functions of the plasma proteins

Answer 2

plasma - 55%
1. Water - 90% water
2. Salts (electrolytes)
3. Plasma Proteins
4. Transported substances - nutrients, waste, respiratory gases, hormones

Plasma proteins - transport substances, osmotic balance, ph buffering, clotting

Question 3

3. Describe the structure and function of erythrocytes (RBCs), various leukocytes (WBCs), and platelets

Answer 3

• Erythrocytes/ red blood cells — carry oxygen, confined to the blood stream
• Leukocytes - body defense
• Platelets - cell fragments for blood clotting

Question 4

4. Describe erythropoietin’s role in regulating the rate of red blood cell

Answer 4

Erythropoietin - hormone released by kidney that goes to bone marrow to produce red blood cells so that the right amount of oxygen goes around the body

Question 5

5. What are the three phases of hemostasis in blood?

Answer 5

Hemostasis—stopping the bleeding

1. Vasculoconstriction - muscle spasm
2. platelets plug site in a pile
3. blood clot (coagulation) - mesh of fibrin traps RBCs and platelets

Question 6

6. Describe the impact of aging on the various components of the blood.

Answer 6

-the volume and composition of blood is constant as we age
-making new cells takes longer
-red bone marrow decreases with age

Question 7

7. Where is the heart and what are its major parts?

Answer 7

-mediastinum - medium part of the thoracic cavity
-the lungs on each side
- the pointed apex points toward the left hip
- rests on the diaphragm

-Superior vena cava - right top (blood coming into top)
-Aorta - arch on middle top (blood goes to body)
-Pulmonary trunk - left top (pumps blood to lungs)

Question 8

8. Trace the pathway of blood through the heart (4)

Answer 8

superior and inferior vena cava (veins) > Right atrium > right ventricle > pulmonary arteries > lungs > pulmonary veins > left atrium > left ventricle > body

Question 9

9. Compare the pulmonary and systemic circuits

Answer 9

Pulmonary - send blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide. Only deals with blood going from heart to lungs.
Heart > lungs > heart

Systemic - sends oxygenated blood from heart to the rest of the body and brings deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Only blood flow between the heart and body (not lungs)
Heart > body > heart

Question 10

What are the heart valves (4) and where are they?

Answer 10

-They prevent back flow of blood

Memory trick: Try Pulling Bis Arm

Tricuspid valve - right atrium
/ right ventricle

Pulmonary semilunar valve -towards pulmonary artery

Bicuspid valve - left atrium/ left ventricle

Aortic valve - to aorta (weird position)

Question 11

12. Where does the hearts blood supply come from and leave from?

Answer 11

Coronary arteries deliver oxygen rich blood to the heart muscle

Coronary veins remove oxygen poor blood from the heart muscle

Question 12

True or false: blood is the only fluid tissue in the body

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Blood is made from which tissue

Answer 13

Connective tissue

Formed elements - living cells
Plasma - liquid matrix

Question 14

What determines whether blood is bright red or dull red?

Answer 14

How much oxygen it has

Question 15

What is another name for red blood cells, white blood cells, and electrolytes?

Answer 15

RBC - erythrocytes
WBC - leukocytes
Electrolytes - salts

Question 16

What do red blood cells and platelets have in common?

Answer 16

They have no nucleus

Question 17

Red blood cells are a bag of ___________

Answer 17

Hemoglobin

Question 18

What are the different types of white blood cells? (5)

Answer 18

-neutrophils - short term infections

-lymphocytes - direct cell attack

-monocytes - long term cleanup

-eosinophils - kill parasitic worms and allergy attacks

-basophils - release histamine on inflammation

Question 19

What are the substances transported by blood?

Answer 19

-nutrients
-waste products of metabolism
-respiratory gasses
-hormones

Question 20

What is diapedesis?

Answer 20

The ability of white blood cells to slip in and out of blood vessels

Question 21

What is positive chemotaxis?

What is amoeboid motion?

Answer 21

Positive chemotaxis - white blood cells catch the scent of damage or infection

Amoeboid motion - white blood cells cytoplasmic extensions helping them move through tissues

Question 22

What is leukocytosis?

What is leukopenia?

Answer 22

Leukocytosis- over 11k white blood cells means infection is in the body

Leukopenia- low WBC count

Question 23

Which body organ plays the main role in producing plasma proteins?

Answer 23

The liver

Question 24

What is the role of hemoglobin in the red blood cell?

Answer 24

Transport oxygen and small amount of carbon dioxide in the blood

Question 25

Which white blood cell is most important for body immunity?

Answer 25

Lymphocytes

Question 26

If you had a severe infection, would you expect your WBC count to be 5k, 10k, or 15k ?

Answer 26

15k Infection causes an increase, anything above 11k is considered infection

Question 27

All formed elements come from which stem cell?

Answer 27

Hemocytoblast

Question 28

What is it about Red Blood Cells that gives them a lifespan of 120 days

Answer 28

No nucleus

Question 29

How are platelets made?

Answer 29

Stem cell megakaryocyte mitosis into large multinucleate cell then fragments into platelets

Question 30

Erythropoietin is released based on what factor? when normal blood oxygen level is decreased, what happens to bring the body back to homeostasis?

Answer 30

-not the amount of RBCS in the blood but the amount of oxygen it’s getting Homeostasis 1. Stimulus - low blood oxygen 2. Kidney release erythropoietin 3. Erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow 4. Enhanced erythropoiesis increases RBCs 5. More oxygen is carried

Question 31

What are the phases of homeostasis in the blood clotting process?

Answer 31

1. Vascular spasms- blood vessel wall breaks, vasoconstriction happens (blood vessel spasms), narrowing the blood vessel to decrease blood loss 2. Platelet plug forms - platwlwts become sticky and cling to the damaged site, spasms increase, platelets pile up forming a plug 3. Coagulation events occur - fibrin forms a mesh that traps RBCs and platelets forming the clot

Question 32

Blood is moved though _______________ by the ___________

Answer 32

Blood vessels Heart

Question 33

If you were to spin and separate blood, how would it look in the tube?

Answer 33

Plasma on top 55% Buffy coat in middle (white blood cells and platelets) <1% Red blood cells on bottom (heavy because of their iron component) 45%

Question 34

What are the key characteristics of blood?

Answer 34

- PH 7.35-7.45 - 38 degrees (slightly higher than body temperature because of the friction of its constant movement) -8% of body weight is blood -adults have 5 - 6 Litres of blood

Question 35

How many different substances and what kind are dissolved in plasma? What is the most abundant solute in plasma?

Answer 35

Over 100 different kinds of carried substances such as: nutrients, oxygen, salts (electrolytes), hormones, etc. Plasma proteins

Question 36

What do plasma proteins do? True or false: plasma proteins are taken by cells to be used as fuel and nutrients such as glucose, fatty acids, oxygen, etc.

Answer 36

Transport substances through blood and protect it FALSE - they help blood only

Question 37

Why does the composition of plasma change continuously?

Answer 37

Because blood is carrying and exchanging different substances (oxygen - carbon dioxide, nutrients - wastes, etc.)

Question 38

Red blood cells outnumber white blood cells by ___________ and are the major factor contributing to ____________

Answer 38

1000 to 1 Blood viscosity (thickness)

Question 39

True or false: white blood cells are the only complete cell in the blood with nucleus and organelles True or false: white blood cells use the circulatory system to travel but they can go anywhere

Answer 39

True True

Question 40

What are granulocytes and arganulocytes?

Answer 40

Granulocytes - granules -Neutrophils -eosinophils -badophils, Arganulocytes -lack granules -lymphocytes -monocytes

Question 41

What are platelets?

Answer 41

-not technically cells -fragments of megakaryocytes -needed for clotting

Question 42

What are the layers of a blood vessel?

Answer 42

Turnica intima - inside Turnica media - middle Turnica externa- outside

Question 43

True or false: red blood cells are anucleate True or false: red blood cells use some of the oxygen they are carrying

Answer 43

True - they have no nucleus False

Question 44

What would happen to your blood of your red blood cell count went down?

Answer 44

It would get thin and flow more rapidly

Question 45

How many molecules of oxygen can 1 red blood cell carry?

Answer 45

1 billion

Question 46

Hemocytoblasts have which 2 descendants?

Answer 46

1. Lymphocytes 2. All other formed elements

Question 47

RBC production is determined by what?

Answer 47

The amount of oxygen being delivered - not the amount of RBCs

Question 48

What is the lining of the blood vessel wall?

Answer 48

Endothelium

Question 49

Why does it help to cover or apply pressure to a wound?

Answer 49

Platelets can stick to it and the pressure increases tissue factor