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Anatomy > Chapter 13 Respiratory > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Respiratory Flashcards

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1
Q

In the trachea, what removes dust, microbes, and debris?

What direction do they move these things?

A

Ciliated mucosa

Up and away from lungs and into stomach

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2
Q

When inspiration occurs, the external intercostals and diaphragm will contract and (increase/decrease) __________ the volume and (increase/decrease)___________ the pressure in the thoracic cavity.

The diaphragm contracts ___________ (superiorly/inferiorly) and the thoracic cavity moves __________ (superior/inferiorly)

A

Thoracic volume increases
Pressure decreases

Diaphragm- inferiorly
Thoracic cavity -superiorly

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3
Q

The hard and soft partition that separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity below is called the ____________

A

Palate

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4
Q

What happens to lungs in expiration?

A

-volume decreases
-pressure rises
-Air moves out of lungs

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5
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Lung exchange - Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the pulmonary blood

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6
Q

Place these in order from deep to superficial:
-lung
-pleural cavity (space)
-visceral (pulmonary) pleural
-parietal pleura

A

-lung
-visceral (pulmonary) pleural
-pleural cavity (space)
-parietal pleura

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7
Q

What is the respiratory membrane made of? (4)

What exchange is happening across this membrane?

A

-Alveoli wall (epithelial)
-two fused basement membranes
- capillary wall (endothelial)

  • capillary blood gives carbon dioxide
    -alveoli gives oxygen
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8
Q

Most carbon dioxide is carried in the blood as ___________

A

Bicarbonate ions dissolved in plasma

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9
Q

In the control of respiration, nerve impulses move from where to where?

A

The medulla oblongata to the diaphragm

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10
Q

The trachea is rigid because it is made of ________________

A

C-shaped rings of Hyaline cartilage

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11
Q

The flap of elastic cartilage that prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing is the _____________

A

Epiglottis

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12
Q

What muscular passageway serves as a common passageway for food and air?

A

Pharynx

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13
Q

What receives air directly from the trachea during inspiration?

A

Bronchi

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14
Q

How is most oxygen transported in the blood?

A

Bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin

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15
Q

What is a normal quiet breathing rate called?

A

Eupnea

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16
Q

What are the inspiratory muscles? (2)

A

External intercostals (between ribs)
Diaphragm

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17
Q
  1. Identify the organs forming the respiratory passageway from nasal cavity to alveoli, and describe their structure and function
A

nasal cavity > pharynx (throat)> larynx (voice box) > trachea (windpipe) > right and left primary bronchi (splits into each lung) > Bronchioles (branches of lung) > alveoli (thin air sacs)

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18
Q

What are the lobes of the right and left lungs?

The lobes are made by deep __________

A

-left lung has 2 lobes,
-right lung has 3 lobes

Fissures

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19
Q

What does the respiratory membrane look like on alveoli?

What does it do?

A

-a cobweb of capillaries on alveoli

-exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusing through the membrane

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20
Q

What are the four events of respiration?

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation - breathing
  2. External respiration - exchange in lungs
  3. Respiratory gas transport
  4. Internal respiration - exchange in body
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21
Q

What is inspiration?
Is pressure higher outside or inside?

What is expiration?
Is pressure higher outside or inside?

What is the pressure of the pleural space (intraplural pressure)?

A

Inspiration is inhaling
-high pressure outside flows in

Expiration is exhaling
-high pressure inside flows out

its always more negative than inside the lungs

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22
Q

What substances is blood exchanging in the lungs?

What substances is blood exchanging in the body tissues?

A

Blood delivers carbon dioxide to the lungs as it picks up oxygen.

In the systemic circuit, blood delivers oxygen to body tissues and picks up carbon dioxide

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23
Q

How is oxygen transported in blood?

How is carbon dioxide transported in blood? (2)

How does this help homeostasis?

A

Oxygen - mostly RBSs (oxyhemoglobin), some plasma

Carbon dioxide - mostly plasma (bicarbonate ion), some RBCs

  • supports cellular energy production.
    -Removing carbon dioxide from building up to dangerous levels
    -keeps the blood pH stable.
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24
Q

What is the brains control centres for respiration? (2)

What are the nerves conrolling respiratory muscles, (diaphragm and external intercostals)? (2)

A

Brain:
1. medulla oblongatta
2. pons

Nerves:
1. phrenic nerves
2. intercostal nerves

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25
What are the medulla oblongata respiratory centers? (2) What is the pons respiratory centre? (1)
-ventral respiratory group -dorsal respiratory group: Pons - modify timing between inhalation and exhalation during activities such as singing, sleeping or exercising.
26
10. Name some physical factors that influence breathing rate.
-volition (concious control) - holding breath when swimming -emotional factors - holding breath when scared -chemical factors - oxygen/carbondioxide -talking -coughing -exercising -body temperature
27
What will the body do when it senses low levels of oxygen or high amount of carbon dioxide?
body increases breathing rate and depth
28
12. Explain why it is not possible to stop breathing voluntarily.
Respiratory centres will simply ignore messages from the cortex (our wishes) when the oxygen supply in the blood is getting low or blood PH is falling
29
13. Describe the effects of aging on the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system.
-lose lung capacity and elasticity -show wear and tear from smoking and breathing chemicals
30
14. Describe the homeostatic relationship between the respiratory system and other body systems.
-Respiratory system provides oxygen for cell energy -Disposes of its waste (carbon dioxide)
31
How many pulmonary arteries are there? How many pulmonary veins are there? Where do these veins end up?
2 4 Left atrium
32
What are the Plerual coverings of the lungs ? (3) Can these layers be pulled apart?
1. Visceral pleura - attached to lung wall 2. cavity with serous fluid 3. Parietal pleural- attached to thoracic wall -they can slide together because of serous fluid but can’t be pulled apart
33
Why is nose breathing preferable to mouth breathing?
-Because the nose warms, moistens, and traps dust and bacteria
34
What is the specific protective function of cilia in the trachea?
Ciliated cells of the mucosa move the sheet of contaminated mucus away from the lungs and toward the throat for swallowing.
35
Which main bronchi (right or left) is most likely for an inhaled object to become stuck? Why?
-The right bronchus -it’s wider, shorter, and straighter.
36
The lungs are mostly passageways and elastic tissue. What is the role of the passageways? Of the elastic tissue? This elastic tissue is called ________
The passageways conduct air. The elastic tissue allows lungs to recoil passively when exhaling, saving energy. Stroma
37
What four structures that make up the respiratory zone? It is the only place _____________ happens
-Respiratory bronchioles -alveolar duct -alveolar sac -alveoli Gas exchange
38
What is the most basic function of respiration?
To exchange gases between the external environment and the blood—oxygen in, carbon dioxide out
39
What causes air to flow out of the lungs during expiration?
Increased air pressure in the lungs
40
what is external respiration? what is internal respiration?
External respiration is the actual exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood (pulmonary gas exchange), Internal respiration is the gas exchange process that occurs between the blood and the tissue cells (systemic capillary gas exchange).
41
Which brain area is most important for setting the basic respiratory rate and rhythm?
The medulla oblongata
42
What chemical factor in blood normally provides the most powerful stimulus to breathe?
Increased carbon dioxide
43
Which type of cellular transport moves respiratory gases across a membrane?
Diffusion
44
What is the major form in which CO2 is transported in the blood?
bicarbonate ion
45
What are the 3 subdivisions of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx - top Oropharynx - middle Laryngopharynx - bottom
46
What do you call oxygen that is being transported on hemoglobin? What do you call carbon dioxide that is being transported in plasma?
Oxyhemoglobin Bicarbonate ion
47
What happens to blood PH when carbon dioxide builds up?
it makes the blood more acidic
48
The passageways from nose to larynx is called the _________ From trachea to alveoli is the ___________
Upper respiratory tract Lower respiratory tract
49
By the time air reaching the lungs it is these 3 things:
-cleaned of dust or bacteria -warm -damp
50
What do cilia cells in nasal mucus do?
Moves contaminated mucous into the pharynx (throat) to fall into our stomach juices
51
The larynx has these 4 components:
Epiglottis Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple) Vocal fold (vibrations allow us to speak) Cricoid cartilage
52
When we swallow something, what 2 things happen?
-The epiglottis tips covering larynx -Larynx is pulled upwards
53
True or false: the tight adherence of pleural membranes is essential for normal breathing
True
54
Bronchi is where the respiratory tract ___________ Then becomes the ____________ (respiratory tree)
Splits Bronchioles
55
Although they are big, the lungs is mostly just ___________ made of ___________
Air space Elastic connective tissue for stretchiness
56
The walls of alveoli are made of_________ for easy permeability
A Single layer of simple squamous epithelial cells
57
When does air stop moving into lungs during inspiration?
When the pressure inside the lungs is the same as atmospheric pressure
58
Most carbon dioxide is moved through plasma in disguise as ______________ This helps the blood with ____________
Bicarbonate Buffering PH balance (keeping homeostasis) by minimizing changes in bloods PH balance
59
Carbon dioxide cannot leave to the alveoli in Bicarbonate ion form. What does it do to leave the body? Where does most of this take place?
Bicarbonate ions enter RBCs > combine with hydrogen ions > become carbonic acid > splits into water and carbon dioxide separately Inside RBCs
60
What are stretch receptors?
The vagus nerve tells medulla oblongata to stop stretching bronchioles and alveoli
61
What are the most important factors affecting respiratory rate and depth? These stimulus usually are ____________ and _____________ Which of these is the body’s most important stimulus for breathing?
Chemical factors - levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in blood Increased carbon dioxide and decreased blood PH Getting rid of carbon dioxide
62
True or false: when you have built up carbon dioxide in your blood your PH becomes more acidic
True
63
Why do cells need oxygen?
To make ATP = energy
64
In the medulla oblongata, what does the ventral respiratory group do? What does the dorsal respiratory group do?
-ventral respiratory group: controls rhythm of breathing -dorsal respiratory group: a.chemoreceptors (gas level detectors) b.peripheral stretch receptors (lung stretch detector).
65
When you inspirate, ribs move ______ and diaphragm moves _________ When you expirate, ribs move _______ and diaphragm moves ________
Up, down Down, up

Anatomy (14 decks)

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