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Histology Unit 2 > Chapter 10 - Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Blood Flashcards

(133 cards)

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1
Q

What are the three functions of blood?

A
  1. Transport
  2. Homeostasis
  3. Immune Response
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2
Q

What is blood made of?

A

Fluid CT consistening of cells and ECM

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3
Q

Which of the four general categories of tissue does blood fall under?

A

Connective Tissue (specialized connective tissue)

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4
Q

What are the three main types of cells that compose the ECM of blood?

A
  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Leukocytes
  3. Thrombocytes
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5
Q

What are the two parts of blood composition?

A
  1. Cells (45%)
  2. ECM (55%)
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6
Q

What is the ECM of blood composed of?

A

Plasma

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7
Q

What does PCV stand for? What is it?

A

Packed Cell Volume

Hematocrit

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8
Q

What might a low hematocrit value indicate?

A

Anemia

Reduced hemoglobin

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9
Q

What is the buffy coat?

A

Layer of WBC and plattlets

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10
Q

What are the four layers in a blood sample after its been spun down?

A

Top: liquid portion; plasma

????

Buffy coat

hematocrit

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11
Q

What is the main componenet of plasma? What is the function of this portion?

A

Water

Acts as a solver

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12
Q

What is plasma?

A

Liquid ECM

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13
Q

What is plasma composed of? (3)

A
  1. Water (91-92%)
  2. Protiens (7-8%)
  3. Other solutes (1-2%)
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14
Q

What three protiens are most abundent in your plasma?

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Globulins
  3. Fibrinogen
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15
Q

What is albumin? Where is it made? What does it do?

A

Albumin is a carrier protien found in the plasma

It is make in the liver

Carreirs hormones etc

Creates colloid osmotic pressure

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16
Q

What is the importance of colloid osmotic pressure? What protien is responsible for creating it?

A

With out it all blood would go to the tissue

Albumin

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17
Q

What are globulins? Where are they made? What do they do?

A

Immunoglobulins and alpha/beta/gamma/globulins

Made by the liver

Create colloid osmotic pressure

Immune System

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18
Q

What is fibrinogen? Where is it made? Wht does it do?

A

A protien in plasma

Made in the liver

In case of injury, firinogen produces fibrin which acts as a net and helps form a clot

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19
Q

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

A

Serum is just the liquid portion of the plasma

Plasma contians the protiens and other solutes too

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20
Q

Would you want plasma or serum if you were testing clotting ability?

A

Plasma, it contians clotting factors etc

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21
Q

What are the “other solutes” found in plasma?

A

Electrolytes

Gases

Waste

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22
Q

What kind of stain do they use on a blood smear?

A

Write’s stain

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23
Q

What are the two cell types in blood based on granularity?

A
  1. Granulocytes
  2. Agranulocytes
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24
Q

What are the three types of leukocytes based on granularity? What kind of dye do they take up? Which means that have what kind of charge?

A
  1. Neutrophils; don’t take up either
  2. Eosinophils; take up negativly charged dye, positivily charged cells
  3. Basophils; take up positivly charged dye, negitivly charged cells
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25
What are the physical characteristics of RBC? (2)
1. Anucleated 2. Biconcave dics
26
What does having a doughnut shape help the RBC do?
Decrease SA in the center \> better gas exchange
27
What is the primary function of RBC?
Bind oxygen ofr delivery and CO2 for removal
28
What gives RBC a uniform stain?
Hemoglobin is right at the entirety inner surface
29
What are two important membrane protiens in RBC? What do they do?
1. Glycophorin C; indicated blood type 2. band 3; interacts with hemoglobin and keeps it on the surface
30
What do the protiens in the peripheral membrane of RBC do?
Cytoskeleton gives RBC lots of flexibility
31
What would a decrease in RBC cytoskeleton flexibility cause?
Increased blood clotts
32
What is hemoglobin composed of?
4 polypeptide chains in comples with iron-containing heme group alpha, beta, gamma, lambda
33
What is the primary function of hemoglobin?
Specialized protien for transport of O2 and CO2
34
What are the 3 hemoglobin types?
1. HbA (HbA1a1, HbA1a2, HbA1c, HbA1d) 2. HbA2 3. HbF
35
What is the primary hemoglobin type found in adult humans?
HbA
36
What is HbA1c hemoglobin an idicator of?
Diabetes It binds irrebersibly to glucose It can give a snap shot of blood glucose levels in an individual over 2-3 months
37
What is the average life span of a RBC?
60-90 days
38
What type of hemoglobin is found in fetuses and babies 0-6 months? Why?
HbF (F for fetal) Has gamma instead of beta chains which gives it a higher affinity for oxyge n
39
What is anemia? What causes it?
Low RBC count caused by a lack of vitamin B6 or B12
40
What is the cause hypochromic anemia specifically?
Deficieny in B6
41
What is polycythemia?
High RBC
42
What are 3 things that can cause polycythemia?
Sleep apnea insufficent O2 High altitudes
43
What is sickle cell anemia? What causes it? What are some symptoms?
RBC look like half moons Caused by a single point mutation in beta chain of hemoglobin RBCs carry less oxygen and have a shorter life span (45-60 days) due to fragility Prone to clotting
44
How does glycoporin C determine blood type?
glycoporin C carries the different sugars A and B have additional sugars O has no additional sugars AB has both types of additional sugars
45
What can occur if there is a mismatch in a blood donation/transfussion?
- Your antibodies will recognize it as foriegn and attack the new RBC - Clotting - RBC will burst releasing hemoglobin which is toxic to the kidneys - Agglutination
46
What is erythroblastosys fetalis?
1. Rh negative mom, Rh positive fetus 2. Has first kid, blood gets mixed together during birth 3. Mom develops antibodies against Rh positive RBC 4. Mom has second Rh positive fetus, moms antibodies attack RBC of fetus #2
47
How do we treat/prevent erythroblastosis fetalis? What does it do?
Rhogam Removes any Rh pos RBC from mom before she can develop antibodies agians it
48
What are the five types of leukocytes? What classes do they call under?
Granulocytes: 1. Neutrophils 2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils Agranulocytes: 1. Lymphocytes 2. Monocytes
49
Rank the leukocytes from most to least abundent
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosionophils Basophils
50
What are the physical characteristics of neutrophils?
10-12 micrometers in diameter Multi-lobed nucleous PMNs (polymorphonuclear neutrophil)
51
What three granule types do neutrophils contain?
1. Specific granules 2. Azurophilic granules (MPO) 3. Tertiary granules
52
What is the primary function of a neutrophil?
Phacogytosis
53
What does MPO do in a neutrophil?
A type of azurophilic granule Makes ROS
54
Talk me through neutrophil migration?
Moves like a tumbleweed binding to P-selectin and E-selection on the wall of the blood vessel If it comes in contact with a chemokine \> neutrophils binds to integrin receptors \> increases in round shape and expands out \> squeezes through the wall
55
What is deapadysis?
Squeezing of the neutrophil through the wall of the blood vessel
56
What are the physical characteristics of eosinophils?
10-12 microm in diameter Bi-lobed nucleus
57
What granule types doe eosinophils have? (2, 2 under 1 of the categories)
1. Specific Granules - Major basic protien - Eosinophil=derived neurotoxin 2. Azurophilic granules
58
Whare are the specific granules of eosinophils located?
Localized in a crysalloid body
59
What does major basic protien in eosiniphils do?
Kills worms
60
Where are the azurophilic granules of eosinophils located?
Lysosome
61
What does an elevated number of eosinphils indicitive of? (2)
Either a parasite or an allergic reaction
62
What are the physical characteristics of basophils?
12-12 micrometers Irregularly lobed nucleus
63
Are basophils rare or common?
Rare
64
What are the two granule types that basophils have?
1. Specific granules; heparin, histamine, haparan sulfate, leuktrienes 2. Azurophilic granules; lysosomes
65
What is the primary function of basophils?
Cause inflammation Partially responsible for anaphylaxis
66
Physical characteristics of lymphocytes?
6-30 micrometers (small, medium, and large sizes) Idnted nucleus with little cytoplasm
67
Are lymphocytes rare or common?
Most common agranulocyte
68
What size (s,m,l) lymphocytes are most abundant?
Small
69
What are the three functionally distict types of lymphocytes?
1. T lymphocytes 2. B lympocytes 3. Natural Killer (NK) cells
70
Physical characteristics of monocytes?
largest WBC (18 microm) Horseshoe or kidney-shaped nucleus
71
What type of granules do monocytes have (1)
Azurophilic granules
72
What is the primary function of monocytes?
Phagocytosis
73
Physical characteristics of platelets?
2-3 microm Non-nucleated cytoplasmic fragments
74
What are plateletes derived from?
Magakaryocytes in the bone marrow
75
What are the four zones of a platelet?
1. Peripheral Zone 2. Structural Zone 3. Organelle Zone 4. Membrane Zone
76
What is the peripheral zone of plateletes? What does it do?
Cell membrane covered by thick glycocalyx Reaction surface for the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
77
What is the structural zone of platelets? What does it do?
Cytoskeleton network Responsible for platelet's disc shape
78
What is the organelle zone of platelets? What does it do/
Center of the platelet Contians cranules for vessel repair and coagulation
79
What is the membrane zone of a platelete? What does it do?
Two types of membrane channels 1. Open canalicular system 2. Dense tubular system
80
What is the main function of platelets?
Blood clotting Repair of injured tissue
81
What is hemophilia?
Clotting factor deficiency
82
What is von Willebrand disease?
Disrupted platelete activation
83
What does the von Williebrand factor do?
Initiates clotting
84
What is a CBC?
Complete Blood Count Computer-assisted blood cell analysis that counts and analyzes the cells
85
What is elevated WBC count indivitive of?
Inflammatory response Hyperleukocytosis (leukemia)
86
What are low levels of leukocyte count indivitive of?
Leukopenia associated with radiation/chemotherapy HIV.AIDS aplastic anemia
87
What are high neutrophil count indivitive of?
Bacterial Infection
88
What is high eosinophil count indivitive of?
Allergies Parasitic infection
89
What is high lymphocyte count indivitive of?
Viral infection
90
What are low levels of neutorphils, esoinophils, basophils, and lyphocytes indicitive of?
Autoimmune disorder Bone marrow disorder Some cancers
91
What is high erythrocyte (RBC) count indivitive of?
Primary and secondary polycythemia
92
What is low RBC count indivitive of?
Anemia due to: blood loss Iron/B12 deficienty Poor nutrition
93
What does high levels of hematocrit indicate?
Increased % of RBCs
94
What does low levels of hematocrit indicate?
Decreased % of RBCs
95
What do high levels of hemoglobin indicate?
Polycythemia
96
What do low levels of hemoglobin indicate?
Anemia
97
What does high thrmobocyte (platelete) count indivitive of?
Thrombocythemia = bone marrow disorder, inflammation
98
What is low thrombocyte (platelete) count indivitive of?
Thrombocytopenia | (leukemia, infection, genetic disorder)
99
What is hemopoiesis?
Development of blood cells
100
In what places is hemopoiesis high in the different stages of life?
1. Early gustation - yolk sac 2. Mid gustation - Liver and spleen 3. Late gustation (5 months and on) - bone marrow 4. Red BM --\> Yellow BM 5. Adults - vertebraie and sternum
101
Where are megakaryocytes located in the BM?
Close to the blood vessels so they can just shed off their cytoplasm to produce platletes
102
Why are megakaryocytes easily identifiable?
They are 10x larger than the other cells in the BM
103
What is the process of produces a mature eutythorcyte?
Proerythoblast (large nucleus, euchromatin, active mitotic acitivity) \> Basophilic eyrthoblast (increse rough ER which makes it basophilic) \> begins making hemoglobin \> polychromatophic (mix of blue and red because of the rough ER and hemoglobin) \> orthochoromatophilic (consensed nucleus, no mitotic activity, ER dissapears (no more blue stain, pink stain only) \> reticulocyte (nucleus gets kicked out) \> mature euthrocyte
104
What three cell types can a myoblast differentiate into? What is the intermediate cell type? There are more intermediates than the one listed - look at powerpoint
Myoblast \> promyelocyte 1. Nuetorphil 2. Eosinophil 3. Basophil
105
What is bone marrow made of?
Sponge-like network of hemopoietic cells Reticular fibers
106
What does the sinusoidal system do in the in BM?
Acts as a cloded circulation system
107
What is a sinudoid?
Capillaries in the BM Filled with mature eurythorcytes
108
Can bone marrow convert from red to yellow back to red?
Yes
109
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Buffy Coat Hematocrit
110
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B chains Heme Iron A chains
111
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Sickel Cell Anemia
112
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Differnt blood types Glycophorin C
113
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Erythroblastosis fetalis
114
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Mismatch blood donation
115
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Neutrophil Basophil Monocyte Eosinophil Lymphocyte Monocyte
116
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Nuetrophil
117
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Neutrophil
118
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Neutrophil Migration
119
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Eosinophil
120
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Eosinophil
121
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Basophil
122
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Basophil
123
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Lymphocytes
124
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Lymphocyte
125
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Monocytes
126
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Monocyte
127
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Platelete
128
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Platelet
129
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Platelet
130
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Proerythroblast Basophilic erythroblast Polychromatophilic eyrthroblast Orthochromatophillic erythroblast Polychromatophilic erytgrocyte
131
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Bone Marrow
132
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Bone Marrow
133
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Bone Marrow Triangles = trebeculi

Histology Unit 2 (7 decks)

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