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Histology Unit 2 > Nerves > Flashcards

Nerves Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two anatomical classifications can we make of the nervous sytem

A
  1. Central Nervous System
  2. Peripheral Nervous System
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2
Q

What are the two functional classifications we can make of the nervous system?

A
  1. Somatic Nervous System
  2. Autonomic Nervous System
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3
Q

What are the two classifications within the PNS?

A
  1. Afferent
  2. Efferent
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4
Q

What are the two classification of the efferent nervous system?

A
  1. Somatic
  2. Autonomic
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5
Q

What are the two classifications of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. Sympathetic
  2. Parasympathetic
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6
Q

What is the function of the PNS?

A

To recieve information both external and internal

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7
Q

What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

A

Neuron

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8
Q

What does a neruon do?

A

Recieves, integrates, and transmits stimuli

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9
Q

What are neruoglia?

A

Supporting cells

Nonconducting cells closlty associated with neurons

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10
Q

What does the vasculature provide?

A

Blood Brain Barrier

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11
Q

How many neurons do we have?

A

Over 10 billion

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12
Q

Is nerve tissue highly vascular or avascular?

A

Highly vascular

The blood brain barrier limits what enters nerve tissue

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13
Q

What are Nissel Bodies?

A

Basophilic, granule-like structure

Rough EF

Indicate the amout of synthesis

There is usually a lot of synthesis becasue they’re making neurotransmitters

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14
Q

What does the cell body do? What is it composed of?

A

Contains the nuclues and organelles

Maintains the cell

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15
Q

What is the axon? What does it do?

A

Long process esctending from the cell

1 per cell

Transmits impulses away from cell to synapse

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16
Q

What are dendrites? What do they do?

A

Shorter processes

Numerous

Transmit impulses from periphery toward the body

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17
Q

What is a perikaryon?

A

The cell body of a neuron

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18
Q

What are axon hillocks?

A

Organelle-free zone that distinguishes axon from dendrites

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19
Q

What is the branching of the axon limitted to?

A

Branching restriced to vicinity of its target

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20
Q

What is a good example of the extensive dendritic trees seen on some neruons?

A

Purkinje Cells

Receives more than 100,000 different signals

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21
Q

What are the 3 categories of neurons based on number of axons and dendrites?

A
  1. Multipolar
  2. Bipolar
  3. Unipolar (pseudounipolar)
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22
Q

How many axons and dendrites does a multipolar neuron have? What are 3 examples of mulitpolar neruons?

A

1 axon + 2 or more dendrites

  1. Motor
  2. Pyramidal
  3. Purkinje
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23
Q

How many axons and dendrites do bipolar neurons have? What are two examples of bipolar nuerons?

A

1 axon and 1 dendrite

  1. Olfactory
  2. Special senses??
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24
Q

How many axons and dendrites does a unipolar (pseudounipolar) nueron have? What type of animal typically has pseudounipolar?

A

1 axon that divides into 2 processes

Vertebrates

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25
What are the 3 types of nuerons bases on function?
1. Motor 2. Sensory 3. Integrative (internuerons)
26
What type of polarity are motor neruons? What is thier function?
Majority are multipolar Convey impulses from CNS/ganglia to effector cells
27
Somatic efferent fibers and visceral efferent fibers belong to what functional neuron group?
Motor neuron
28
Whare to somatic efferent fibers terminate? Where is its cell body located?
Terminate at the nueromuscular junction of skeletal muscle Cell body is in ventral horn
29
Where do visceral efferent neurons located (terminate and cell body location)?
Terminate on internuerons?? Cell body is in the dorsal horn
30
What do visceral efferent neurons control? (1 with 2 examples)
Smooth Muscle ex) blood vessels and sweat glands
31
What kind of polarity do sensory neurons have? What is thier function?
Majority are pseudounipolar (but special senses are bipolar) Convey impulses from receptors to CNS
32
Somatic afferent fibers and visceral afferent fibers belong to which functional neuron group?
Sensory Neurons
33
What is the funciton of somatic afferent fibers? Where is the cell body located?
In the pacinian corpuslcle Senses vibrations, pressure, pain Cell body in dorsal root of ganglion
34
What is a ganglion?
Aggrefation of cell bodies in the PNS
35
What are nucli?
Aggregation of cell bodies in the CNS
36
What types of things do visceral afferent fibers sense?
Sense stretching, pain internally Still dealing with smooth muscle
37
What polarity do integrative (internerons) have? What is thier funciton?
Majority are Multipolar Create a network between sensory and motor neurons
38
Which functional group accounts for 99% of nuerons?
Integrative
39
How does information flow from the external environment to movement?
Afferent -\> Interneruon -\> Effernet -\> Muscle
40
What are synapses?
Specialized junctions that facilliate transmission of impulses from one neuron to another
41
What are the four types of synapses? What are the two parts of each?
1. Axodendritic; axon - dendrite 2. Axosomatic; axon - cell body 3. Axoaxonic; axon - axon 4. Dendrodendritic; dendrite - dendrite
42
What are the two transmission types of synapses?
1. Chemical 2. Electrical
43
What type of transmission over synapses do vertebrates have most commonly?
Chemical
44
What is chemical transmission?
Release of neurotransmitter at presynaptic neuron
45
What is electrical transmission?
Gap junctions permit movement of ions between cells
46
Where do we find electrical synapses in humans? (2)
Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle
47
What are the 3 major regions in a chemical synapse?
1. Presynaptic element 2. Synaptic cleft 3. Postsynaptic membrane
48
Talk me through the process of chemical transmission?
AP comes down axon \> depolarizes presynaptic element \> Ca channels open \> further depolarization \> release of NT into synaptic cleft \> bind to Na channels (ex) \> Na influx into post-synaptic membrane \> depolarization \> transmissionn of signal down axon
49
What happens at an exititory synapse?
Sodium increases the positive charge in the post-synaptic membrane causing it to depolarize and move the signal forward
50
What happens at a inhibitory synapse?
Influx of chloride cause the postsynaptic membrane to become even more negative/ hyperpolarized making it more difficult to propagate the signal
51
How does botulism toxin work?
AcH is not released from the presynaptic neuron \> no depolarization \> no action potential propogates \> no skeletal muscle contraction
52
How does tetnus toxin work?
AcH is released from the presynaptic neuron, but there are no inhibitory signals \> constant depolarization \> contant action potential \> sustained muscle contaction
53
What is AcH released by? What is it important in regulating?
AcH is released by cholenergic neurons Regulate memory, sleeping, and dreaming Alzeimer's Disease
54
What are the 3 ways to get rid of NT in the synaptic cleft?
1. Exocytose it back into the presynaptic 2. Brake it down (ex. AcHesterase) 3. Modifiy it so its no longer funcitonal
55
What is dopamine released by? What does dopamine regulate?
Dpamine is released by cholenergic neurons Regulates movement and motivation
56
What can too much dopamine indicate? Too little?
Too much = schozophrenia Too little = parkinson's
57
How does dopamine function?
Prolong somehting NaOIs Inhibits chatocholine NT so its no longer functional \> chatocholine functions for longer
58
What is the function of GABA? What can too low levels of GABA lead to? Does drinking alchol increase or decrease GABA?
GABA is the major inhibitory NT in the brain Low GABA \> tremors, seizures Drinking alchohol increases GABA which causes reaction times to slow down
59
What are the two main type of supporing cells of the nervous system?
1. Perihperal Neuroglia 2. Central Neuroglia
60
What are the two types of peripheral neuroglia?
1. Schwann Cells 2. Satellite (capsule) cells
61
What are the 4 types of cental nueroglia supporting cells?
1. Astrocytes 2. Oligodendrocytes 3. Microglia 4. Ependymal Cells
62
What is the function of Schwann cells?
They create the myeline sheath which increases the speed at which the electical impulse can travel down the axon faster
63
How does a schwann cell mylentate the axon?
Axon lies in a grove of the schwann cell \> schwann cell starts to grow around until it finds the mesaxon \> contiues to wrap \> positively charged protiens (MBP, etc) pull at membrane \> cytoplasm is extruded so all that's left is the lipid myeline wrapped around the axon
64
What illness is associated iwth MBP? What happens to MBP?
MS (multiple sclerosis) Immune system starts to attac MBP which leads to the demylination of axons
65
What are nodes of ranvier? What do they have lots of?
Uninsulated region between schwann cells Highly enriched in ion channels
66
Besides mylinationg, what other funciton do Schwann cells serve?
Protect unmylinated nerve fibers 1 Schwann cell can accomodate 20 different neuron's fibers
67
What is the function of a satellite cell?
Satellite cells insulate the cell body Similar to Schwann cells
68
Where are satellite cells located? What do they look like?
Cubiodal In the ganglia
69
What is the function of astrocytes?
Reinforce barriers of blood vessels, CT on the menegies, and epidemial cells Provide physical and metablic suppoort for neurons onf the CNS Mainitans blood brain barrier
70
What are the two types of astrocytes? Where are they found?
Protoplasmic - grey matter Fibrous - white matter
71
What are the characteristics of protoplasmic atrocytes? What do they end with?
Numerous short branches End in perivascualr feet to reinforce barriers such as tight junctions ans mylein shealth - cover any electrical openings
72
What are the characteristics of fibrous astrocytes?
Straight, elongated Support
73
What is the function of oligodendrocytes?
Produce and maintain myelin sheath in the CNS
74
How are oligodendrocytes different from Schwann cells? (3)
Oligodendroytes have multiple cytoplasmic extansions that wrap around the axon so they can enshealth multple nuerons at once, 1 schwann cell can only mylenate 1 axon Rode of ranvier is larger for oligodendrocytes so the electrical impulse travels slower Ologodendrocytes are in the CNS, Schwann cells are in the PNS
75
What are microglial cell? Where are they located? What is their function?
Macrophages of the nervous system Possess phagocytic properties turn over and remove waste and foriegn materials
76
What illness is assocaited with microglial cells? What is it?
Microlgiosis Microglial cells are larger than normal
77
What is the function of ependymal cells? Where are they located?
Synthesize cerebral spinal fluid Form an epithelial-like lining of the ventricles of the brain and spinal cord
78
What is the choroid plexus?
associatted cpillaries in the brain that produce CSF
79
How do the epithelial-like lining of the ventriclaes (ependymal cells) contribute to reproduction of CSF?
Imporatnt in absorbing CSF
80
What is the difference between grey matter and white matter?
Grey matter contains cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, and central neurglia White matter caonaly ONLY axons
81
What is the function of white matter?
To connect grey matter together
82
What is the arrangement of grey and white matter in the spinal cord? In the brain?
Spinal cord: Grey inside, white outside Brain: White inside, grey outside
83
What are the meneigies? What is thier function?
CT tissue that protects the CNS tissue
84
What are the three layers of the meninges?
1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid 2. 5. Sun arachnoid space 4. Pia Mater
85
What is the dura mater made of? What is it continuous with?
Dense CT Continuous with the periostium of the cranial cap and the spinal canal bone in the spinal cord
86
What is the arachnoid?
Extension of CT that make arachnoid tranbiculi
87
What is the arachnoid space?
The area between the arachnoid trabeculae
88
What is the central canal filled with?
CSF
89
What is the pia mater made of? What is it direclty connected to?
Delicate LCT It is direclty attached ot the nervous tissue
90
What is the neuropil?
The matted-looking substances surroinding neruons It is composed on dendrites, axons, and support cells
91
What are the three main regions of the brian?
1. Cerebellum 2. Cerebrum 3. Spinal Cord
92
What is the cerebral cortext?
The grey matter of the cerebrum
93
What are the 6 layers of the cerebral cortext?
1. Molecular Layer 2. External Granular 3. External Pyrimidal 4. Internal Granular 5. Internal Pyramidal 6. White Matter
94
What are cortical columns?
Relay system of neruons It is the functional unit of nervous tissue
95
Where is the pia mater in the cerebral cortext?
The pia mater is attached ot the molecular layer
96
What is the molecular layer composed of?
Support cells No neruons
97
What is the external granular and pyramidal layers composed of?
Exitatory neurons
98
What distinguishs the external granullar and pyramidal layers from their internal layer counterparts?
Internal granular and internal pyramidal cells are larger
99
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Controls fine mover movement
100
What are the three layers of the cerebellum?
1. Molecular layer 2. Purkinje Layer 3. Granule Layer
101
What is the molecular layer of the cerebellum composed of (2)?
1. Satallite Cells 2. Basket Cells
102
What do basket cells do?
Inhibitory cells GABA nergic (release GABA)
103
What is the blood brain barrier? What is its function?
Protects the CNS from fluctuations in electrolytes, hormones, and tissue metabolites circulating in the blood Barrier created by extremly tight tight junctions in epithelial cells
104
What does it mean for a capillary to be continuous?
It has a continuous basal lamina
105
What cell adds additional support to the tight junctions in the blood brain barrier?
Astrocytes use thier foot processes ot reinfoce the BBB
106
Identify the Image Left side then right side
Dendrites Oligodendrocytes Node of Ranvier Cell Body Synapse Nissl Bodies Axon Hillock Axon Myelin Schwann Cell Myelin
107
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Cell Body
108
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Cell body Nissl Bodies
109
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Extensive dendritic tree Purkinje cell in cerebellum
110
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Multipolar
111
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Bipolar
112
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Pseudounipolar
113
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Interneruon Afferent Neuron Effernt Neuron
114
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Pyramidal Interneuron Purkinje
115
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Neuronal synapse
116
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Axoaxonic Axosomatic Axodendritic
117
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Presynaptic Element Synaptic cleft Postsynaptic membrane
118
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Electrical synapse
119
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Botulism
120
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Tetnus
121
Identify the Image top then bottom
Schwann cell Node of ranier layers of myelin Axon Axon myelin sheath Nodes of ranvier schwann cell nucleus of schwann cell
122
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Mesaxon
123
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MBP
124
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Cross section of peripheral nerve White interior = axons
125
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Longitudinal section of peripheral nerve white interior - axon
126
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Schwann cells protect unmyelinated nerve fibers
127
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Peripheral nerve ganglion
128
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Peripheral nerve ganglion Satalite Cells
129
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Pia mater Subpial foot process Astrocyte Ependyma Microglial cell Nueron Myelin Oligodendrocyte
130
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Protoplasmic Astrocyte Perivascular feet Perinueral feet
131
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Fibrous Astrocyte
132
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Oligodendrocyte
133
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Microglial cell
134
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Microglial cell Microgliosis
135
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Ependymal cells ling the spinal canal and devide the dorsla and ventral horns
136
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Ependymal Cells lining spinal cord
137
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Spinal cord with gray matter inside and white matter on the exterior
138
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Brain with white matter on the interior and grey matter on the exterior
139
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Dura Mater subacrachnoid space arachnoid white matter gray matter central canal dorsol horn ventral horn spinal cord
140
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Arachnoid traveculae Dura mater arachnoid subarachnoid space pia mater cerebral cortext
141
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Motor neurons surronded by neuropil
142
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Motor neurons surronded by neuropil
143
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Cerebrum Cerebellum Spinal cord
144
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1. Pia mater attached to molecular layer 2. External granular 3. External pyramidal 4. Internal granular 5. Internal pyramidal 6. White matter
145
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1. Molecular layer 2. External granular 3. External pyramidal 4. Internal granular 5. Internal pyramida; White matter at very bottom
146
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Pia Mater Molecular layer Purkinje Granular layer
147
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Basket cell Molecular layer Purkinje cell layer Granule cell layer white matter Purkinje Granule cell
148
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Cerebellum
149
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Atrocyte foot processes

Histology Unit 2 (7 decks)

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