Chapter 10- Blood Pressure

Question 1

The force exerted by blood against a vessel wall.
A. Blood Flow
B. Pressure Reservoir
C. Blood pressure
D. Systolic
E. Diastolic

Answer 1

c

Question 2

The rate of flow through a vessel is due to resistance and inhibited by pressure gradient.
True/False

Answer 2

false
It is due to pressure gradient and inhibited by resistance

Question 3

What happens to pressure of blood as you move further away from the heart?

Answer 3

Pressure of blood decreases

Question 4

As you move further from the heart pressure will also decrease, how is this counterbalanced?

A. By creating rapid-transit pathways
B. By decreasing size of vessels
C. By increasing resistance in further vessels
D. By triggering active Hyperemia
E. B and C

Answer 4

e
Decreasing size increases the resistance

Question 5

List the vessels from most to least pressure

Answer 5

Ventricles, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

Question 6

Systolic and diastolic

Answer 6

Systolic is the pressure of blood when the heart is at rest and the diastolic is the pressure of blood when the heart is pumping.

Question 7

How do arteries maintain blood flow when the heart relaxes and is no longer applying pressure to the vessels?

Answer 7

The arteries are elastic. When the heart pumps blood into them they expand to hold more blood. During heart relaxation they return to their un-expanded forms continuing to push blood into them next vessel so the pressure doesn’t change and flow doesn’t stop.

Question 8

The heart spends _____ of it’s time in diastole and ______ of it’s time in systole.
A. 1/2 and 1/2
B. 1/3 and 2/3
C. 2/3 and 1/3
D. One side of the heart contracts while to the other relaxes to it is always in both states

Answer 8

c.

Question 9

Since the heart spends more of it’s time in diastole this has what effect on arterial pressure?
A. No effect
B. It effect venous pressure not arterial
C. Pressure is weighted towards diastole
D. Pressure is weighted towards systole

Answer 9

c.

Question 10

What vessel do we use to measure blood pressure?
A. Arteroles
B. Ventricles
C. Atria
D. Veins
E. Arteries

Answer 10

e.

Question 11

What causes the notch in the arterial pressure graph?
A. Pulmonary valve closing
B. Pulmonary valve opening
C. Aortic valve closing
D. Aortic valve opening

Answer 11

c. NOt sure why?

Question 12

What is a vessel that regulates blood pressure?
A. Arterioles
B. Arteries
C. Veins
D. Ventricles

Answer 12

a.

Question 13

What makes arterioles good blood pressure regulators?

Answer 13

Because arterioles get progressively smaller they are major sites of resistance. If the arterioles are medium resistant then only 1/2 the blood can leave the arteries and the pressure can decrease. If the arterioles are maximum resistant then there is no blood flow through and the pressure in the arteries increases.

Question 14

Which is not a factor that changes resistance?
A. Vessel length
B. # red blood cells
C. Viscosity
D. % elasticity
E. Vessel radius

Answer 14

D.

Question 15

Arterioles are surrounded by _________
A. Cardiac muscle
B.Smooth muscle
C. Skeletal muscle
D. Non of the above

Answer 15

b.

Question 16

Vasodilation is…
Vasodilation is…

Answer 16

vasoconstriction is contraction of smooth muscle around arterioles increasing resistance
Vasodialation is relaxation of smooth muscle around arterioles reducing resistance.

Question 17

What is vascular tone and how does it benefit arterioles.

Answer 17

Vascular tone is a state of partial constriction. It benefits the arterioles because it allows them the room to constrict or dilate as needed

Question 18

What are the 5 mechanisms of intrinsic control of the arterioles?

Answer 18

Active hyperemia
Reactive hyperemia
Histamine release
Myogenic response
Shear stress
Tempreture

Question 19

Increased blood flow in response to enhanced tissue activity by stimulating endothelial cells
A. Active hyperemia
B. Histamine release
C. Myogenic response
D. Reactive hyperemia
E. Shear stress

Answer 19

A.

Question 20

Increase blood flow in response to complete occlusion of blood supply to a region.
A. Active hyperemia
B. Histamine release
C. Myogenic response
D. Reactive hyperemia
E. Temperature

Answer 20

D.

Question 21

Local release of histamine and inflammatory cytokines after injury or infection.
A. Active hyperemia
B. Histamine release
C. Myogenic response
D. Reactive hyperemia
E. Shear stress

Answer 21

B

Question 22

A compensatory change in resistance striving to maintain constant flow after arterioles stretch through auto regulation
A. Active hyperemia
B. Histamine release
C. Myogenic response
D. Reactive hyperemia
E. Temperature

Answer 22

c.

Question 23

Describe the myogenic response in your own words.

Answer 23

Not sure maybe ask or look up?

Question 24

Describe shear stress in your own words.

Answer 24

Intrinsic control of arterioles….Butter and Nitric Oxide

Question 25

What effect does heat have on vessels? What effect does cold have on vessels?

Answer 25

Heat: vasodilation Cold: vasoconstriction

Question 26

What are the two mechanisms of extrinsic control of blood pressure?

Answer 26

neural and hormonal

Question 27

How does neural control of blood pressure work? A. Norepinephrine is released by the sympathetic neurons causing constriction B. Cancels out the intrinsic effects of hyperemia causing constriction C. The parasympathetic system activates a1 receptors which can cause constriction or dilation. D. A and B E. All of the above

Answer 27

a

Question 28

Describe neural control of blood pressure.

Answer 28

Huh

Question 29

Hormonal control of blood pressure… A. Effects the water and salt levels to control pressure B. Works through the brain stem signals C. Can induce both vasodilatation and vasoconstriction D. Only involves epinephrine neurotransmitters E. B and D F. A and C

Answer 29

f

Question 30

Describe hormonal control of blood pressure.

Answer 30

Release of epinephrine or norepinephrine can cause vasodilation/vasoconstriction. a1 constricts while B2 relaxes. Also the involvement of vasopressin and angiotensin II, vasoconstrict depending on salt concintration

Question 31

Where are the baroreceptors that stimulate response when sensing deviation in blood pressure?

Answer 31

in aorta and carotid

Question 32

What are characteristics of short term response to deviations in blood pressure?

Answer 32

Made by adjusting cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) by autonomic nervous system regulation.

Question 33

Describe long term blood pressure regulation.

Answer 33

adjusts total blood volume through salt and water balance.

Question 34

describe the baroreceptor reflex arc

Answer 34

there is a change in stretch of arteries that is sensed by baroreceptors.

Question 35

What is the baroreceptor reflex?

Answer 35

A reflex that senses a change in the mean arterial blood pressure and sends a signal to try to return the mean arterial pressure (MAP) to it’s original value.

Question 36

Describe how the baroreceptor reflex works.

Answer 36

If a change occurs in the mean arterial pressure the cartoid sinus/aortic arch baroreceptors increase/decrease the rate of firing AP. The increase/decrease of signals travels afferently to the control center in the brain stem. The control center then sends efferent signals (parasym or sym) to alter things like CO, HR, or vessel diameter, which can bring the blood pressure back to normal.

Question 37

Describe how the baroreceptor reflex effects your body when your blood pressure is 90/60

Answer 37

1. The carotid/aortic receptor potential decrease 2. This decreases the firing rate of the afferent nerves, which is integrated in the cardiovascular center 3. There is an increase in sympathetic nerve activity that increases vasoconstriction and decreases vasodialation. 4. This increase heartrate, stroke volume 5. Increase in CO and TPR 6. BP increased to normal

Question 38

How does sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation effect BP?

Answer 38

Parasympathetic decrease HR, which decreases CO, which decreases BP. Sympathetic increases HR, which increases CO, which increases BP. Sympathetic constricts arterioles, which increase TPR, which increases BP Sympathetic constricts veins, which increases veinous return, which increase stroke volume, which increases CO, which increases BP.

Question 39

Describe how the baroreceptor reflex effects your body when your blood pressure is 140/90

Answer 39

1. Increase carotid and aortic receptor potential 2. Increase rate of firing afferent nerves integrated in the cardiovascular center 3. Decrease in the sympathetic verve activity 4. Decrease BP

Question 40

Active and reactive hyperemia both result in vessel dialation due to buildup of CO2 and O2. True/false

Answer 40

True

Question 41

What does the parasympathetic nervous system innervate in the cardiovascular system?

Answer 41

Only the heart

Question 42

What does the sympathetic nervous system innervate in the cardiovascular system?

Answer 42

The heart, veins, and arterioles