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Physiology Exam 3 > Chapter 13- Respiratory Control > Flashcards

Chapter 13- Respiratory Control Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

List the steps of external respiration

A
  1. Ventilation
  2. Exchange of O2 and CO2 between air in alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries
  3. Blood transports O2 and CO2 between lungs and tissues.
  4. O2 and CO2 are exchanged between tissue cells and the blood through diffusion
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2
Q

What are 6 functions of the respiratory system besides respiration?

A
  1. Dissipation of excess heat
  2. Acid/base balance
  3. Enables speech
  4. Defense against airborne pathogens
  5. Modifies, activates and inactivates materials
  6. Smell
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3
Q

List the airways in order

Also go look at the picture on week 10 slide 1.

A
  1. Nasal passage
  2. Throat
  3. Trachea
  4. Bronchi
  5. Bronchiole
  6. Terminal bronchioles
  7. Alveolar ducts
  8. Alveoli
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4
Q

What are the respiratory structures that conduct gas exchange?

A

alveolar ducts and alveoli

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5
Q

thin walled, inflatable sacs that are the site of gas exchange.

A

alveoli

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6
Q

whats surrounds the alveoli?

A

pulmonary capillaries

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7
Q

What is fick’s law and how does it relate to gas exchange?

A

The shorter the distance the greater the surface area for diffusion and the greater the amount of diffusion. The alveoli are the ideal embodiment of ficks law.

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8
Q

the alveoli are composed of 95% …

A

type 1 alveolar cells

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9
Q

The remaining 5% if alveolar surface is composed of ….

A

type 2 alveolar cells

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10
Q

Pulmonary surfactant is a phospholipid protein complex that facilitates lung expansion. It is secreted by….

A

type 2 alveolar cells

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11
Q

what is the cell that monitors and defends against airborne pathogens in the lungs?

A

specialized pulmonary alveolar macrophages

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12
Q

what is the main type of tissue that composes the lungs?

A

elastic connective tissue

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13
Q

what type of muscle is present in the lungs?

A

there is only smooth muscle present around the bronchioles no muscle assists inflating or deflating the lungs

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14
Q

what separates the lungs from the thoracic wall?

A

pleural sac

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15
Q

what is the pleural cavity?

A

the interior of the pleural sac which is the structure that separates lungs from the thoracic wall

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16
Q

surfaces of the pleural surfaces secrete _______ ________ that lubricates the sac and allows movement during respiration.

A

intrapleural fluid

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17
Q

What are the 3 driving forces of airflow?

A

atmospheric
Intra-alveolar
Intra-pleural

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18
Q

what is the pressure exerted by the weight of the air in the atmosphere on objects

A

Atmospheric pressure

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19
Q

the pressure that needs to be in equilibrium with atmospheric pressure

A

intra-alveolar pressure
Pressure within the alveoli

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20
Q

the pressure exerted outside the lungs within the thoracic cavity.

A

intra-pleural pressure
Pressure within the pleural sac

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21
Q

Intra-pleural pressure reaches equilibrium with atmospheric pressure
True/false

A

False
Intra-pleural pressure does not reach equilibrium with any other pressure because it is a closed sac.

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22
Q

What is the transmural pressure gradient?

A

the pressure within the lungs is greater than the pressure outside the lungs. So there is more pressure pushing outwards across the lung wall. This is the transmural pressure gradient

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23
Q

what keeps the lungs expanded to fill the thoracic cavity?

A

the transmural pressure gradient

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24
Q

________ occurs because of cyclic changes in intra-alveolar pressure

A

ventilation

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25
how can inspiration occur (remember that air flows down a pressure gradient)
The intra-alveolar pressure has to be less than atmospheric pressure. the pressure in the lungs has to be lower than the atmospheric pressure.
26
how can expiration occur? (remember that air flows down a pressure gradient)
Atmospheric pressure has to be less than intra-alveolar pressure
27
what is Boyles gas law?
as volume increases the pressure decreases and the other way around
28
what does Boyles gas law have to do with respiration?
as the volume of the lungs change there is a change in pressure that occurs which causes appropriate pressure gradients for ventilation to occur
29
if the lung volume decreases what will occur?
The pressure in the lungs (intra-alveolar pressure) will increase higher than the atmospheric pressure and expiration will occur
30
what are the 2 major inspiratory muscles?
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
31
What stimulates the diaphragm?
the phrenic nerve
32
What is the effect of a contracted diaphragm on the thoracic cavity?
enlarges the volume of the thoracic cavity by increasing its vertical dimension
33
what is the effect of contracted intercostal muscles on the thoracic cavity?
Enlarges the cavity both front to back and side to side.
34
Whats the difference between passive and forced expiration?
passive expiration is accomplished with no muscular exertion. Force expiration is the active mechanism of expiration.
35
Describe passive expiration
The inspiratory muscles passively relax causing the lungs to elastically decrease in volume. This causes the pressure to increase and air flows out the lungs ,down the pressure gradient, until equilibrium is accomplished
36
Describe forced expiration
when expiratory muscles are contracted to further reduce the volume of the thoracic cavity.
37
what are the expiratory muscles that contract during forced expiration
muscles of abdominal wall Internal intercostal muscles
38
changes in lung volume can be measured by a ____________
spirometer
39
the volume of air entering/leaving the lungs in a single breath
tidal volume
40
Do the lungs fully fill/empty during inspiration/expiration?
no
41
What is the range of volume of air the lungs contain during ventilation?
2200ml-2700ml
42
The max volume of air that can be moved during a single breath
vital capacity
43
the air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration
residual volume
44
the maximum volume of air the lungs can hold
total lung capacity
45
The maximum volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal inspiration
inspiratory reserve volume
46
The extra volume of air that can be forcefully expired after normal expiration.
expiratory reserve volume
47
Draw and lable a spirogram graph
week 10 slide 10
48
How does obstructive lung disease like asthma affect respiration? How does restrictive lung disease affect respiration?
Causes difficulty emptying the lungs Causes difficulty filling the lungs
49
What is alveolar ventilation
the volume of air exchanged between the atmosphere and the alveoli per minute
50
what is anatomic dead space?
volume of air that remains in the conducting airways that is not involved with gas exchange.
51
How do you calculate pulmonary ventilation?
Tidal volume x respiration rate
52
how do you calculate alveolar ventilation?
(tidal volume - anatomic dead space) x RR
53
How does taking slow deep breaths affect pulmonary/alveolar ventilation?
the tidal volume goes up and RR goes down. This doesn't affect pulmonary ventilation. It does raise alveolar ventilation.
54
How does shallow rapid breathing affect pulmonary/alveolar ventilation?
TV lowers and RR raises. Has no effect on pulmonary. Lowers alveolar.
55
Bronchiolar smooth muscle is sensitive to local ___________ levels
CO2
56
to match the blood flow to the airflow arteriolar muscles are sensitive to local changes in______ levels
O2
57
Read page 465
58
Read page 465
59
Gas exchange occurs in ___________ and __________ capillaries.
pulmonary and tissue
60
gas exchange occurs _________
passively
61
gas exchange is driven by
concentration gradients of partial pressures
62
what is the partial pressure of O2 and N2?
O2 = 160 mm Hg or 21% N2 = 600 mm Hg or 79%
63
Partial pressure gradient exists between…
pulmonary capillaries Systemic capillaries
64
alveolar air is the same as atmospheric air True/false
false Alveolar air is humidified and is mixed with any air that didn't get expired
65
what are some factors that influence diffusion of gas?
partial pressure Surface area Thickness Diffusion constant
66
how does partial pressure, surface area, thickness, and diffusion constant effect gas diffusion?
pp: effects the concentration gradients Surface area: more SA more exchange Thickness: less thick means more exchange Diffusion constant: how readily something will attach to blood
67
what are the 2 ways for oxygen to be transported?
1. dissolve in plasma 2. Bound to hemogloblin
68
the O2 bound to blood does not contribute to the partial pressure of O2 True/false
true
69
What is the difference between O2 capacity and O2 content?
Capacity refers to how much O2 blood can bind when Hb is fully saturated Content refers to how much O2 blood actually carries
70
what is the primary factor in determining the percent hemoglobin saturation?
partial pressure of O2
71
How does the law of mass action relate to how much O2 will bind to hemoglobin?
as the Partial pressure of O2, therefor the amount of O2 increases, the reaction is driven toward binding O2 to hemoglobin. This increases the % Hb saturation
72
what is the shape of the O2-Hb dissociation curve?
s-shaped
73
What is the role of Hb at the alveoli level?
in the lungs when blood comes into contact with the alveoli oxygen will bind to HB. This continues to keep the O2 pressure in the blood lower than in the lungs so more O2 diffuses in to get binded to Hb. When the Hb is finally full the pressures of O2 reach equilibrium.
74
What are the 3 ways CO2 is transported?
physically dissolved Bound to Hb Transferred as bicarbonate
75
When CO2 is transported at bicarbonate and leaves through the chloride shift what remains as a biproduct
H+
76
what is the Haldane effect?
As O2 unloads from Hb it facilitates Hb to pickup CO2 and H+
77
what is the Bohr effect?
as CO2 and H+ bind to Hb it alters the structure reducing Hb’s affinity for O2 causing O2 to release from Hb.
78
What are some other factors that affect O2 affinity?
increase in 1. Partial pressure CO2 2. # H 3. Temperature 4. BPG
79
what are the components of respiratory control?
1. Inspiration-expiration rhythm 2. Magnitude of ventilation
80
what brain structure houses the respiratory centers
brain stem
81
what are the 2 respiratory centers in the brain stem?
medullary respiratory center Pons respiratory center
82
what has a smoothing effect on breathing
pons respiratory center
83
what controls the restful normal breathing?
DRG which is in the medullary respiratory center
84
what controls active expiration?
VRG in the medullary respiratory center
85
what establishes rhythm?
Pre-botzinger complex in the medullary respiratory center
86
What is the primary input for regulating magnitude of ventilation
arterial CO2
87
How is the partial pressure of CO2 monitored?
central chemoreceptors detect changes in the H+ concentrations in the ECF of the brain which gets produced with the conversion of bicarbonate.
88
how is partial pressure of O2 monitored?
monitored by peripheral chemoreceptors The chemoreceptors are carotid bodies and aortic bodies
89
how does a decrease in P O2 effect ventilation?
increase ventilation
90
try to understand week 10 slide 27
91
92
Under normal conditions, when _________ pressure becomes greater than _________ pressure, air will flow out of the lungs.
Intra-alveolar pressure, atmospheric
93
What major histological feature distinguishes the bronchi and the trachea from the smaller airways?
The presence of supporting cartilage in the larger features

Physiology Exam 3 (3 decks)

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