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Biology Honors (9) > Chapter 10: Cell Growth & Division > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Cell Growth & Division Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Mitosis and cell division produces two ______

A

identical daughter cells

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2
Q

3 goals of mitosis and cell division:

A

growth, repair, and development

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3
Q

1st problem: Cell size and material exchange

A

the larger a cell grows the surface area/volume ratio DECREASES which makes cells less efficient at…
- moving enough nutrients in
- moving waste out

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4
Q

Surface area of the membrane determines

A

the rate of exchange of materials

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5
Q

Volume of the cell determines

A

the rate material is used and discarded

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6
Q

As the cell increases, its volume increases faster than its SA, which ____ the ratio of SA:V.

A

decreases

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7
Q

2nd Problem: DNA Overload

A

as the cell gets larger, DNA stays the SAME, causing an information shortage.
- DNA demands cannot support the protein needs of large cells

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8
Q

Instead of growing too large, cells _______

A

divide in half!
- this increases SA/V ratio
- all organisms grow and change: worn-out tissues are replaced by newly produced cells

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9
Q

How does cell division solve the two growth problems?

A
  1. SA:V is increases, so efficient exchange of material can occur through the cell membrane
  2. Each daughter cell gets its own DNA so their is no information shortage.
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10
Q

10.2

A

.

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11
Q

Define The Cell Cycle.

A

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.

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12
Q

Two halves of the cell cycle:

A
  • Interphase
  • M Phase
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13
Q

Describe Interphase

A

the period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

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14
Q

Describe the M phase.

A

period of time when mitosis and cell division occurs

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15
Q

G_1 phase (Gap 1)

A
  • growing
  • synthesizes new proteins and organelles
  • longest phase of the cell cycle
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16
Q

S Phase (Synthesis)

A
  • Chromosomes (DNA) are replicated
  • key proteins associated with replication are made (centromeres)
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17
Q

G2 Phase (Gap 2)

A
  • shortest of the 3 phases of interphase
  • organelles and molecules for cell division are produced (centrioles)
  • checkup phase
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18
Q

What stage in the cell cycle would most likely be for a cancer-causing genetic mutation to occur? Why?

A

S Phase
- this is where DNAs are replicated

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19
Q

At what point in the cell cycle could the cell catch this mutation and either fix it or push the cell into apoptosis (programmed cell death)?

A

G_2 phase
- G2 phase is the checkup phase before mitosis, and organelles and molecules can be produced to kill the cell.

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20
Q

________ condenses into ________ before mitosis begins.

A

Chromatin; Chromosomes

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21
Q

Chromatin

A

a complex of DNA and proteins in the cell nucleus that condenses to form chromosomes
- messy and spread-out

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22
Q

Chromosomes

A

condensed chromatin

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23
Q

Nucleosome = groups of ______

Study These Flashcards
A

histone proteins

24
Q

Centromere

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A

the protein where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached
- the ‘circle in the middle’

25
In the S phase, how many chromosomes and chromatids are produced?
- 46 chromosomes - 92 chromatids
26
Diagram of Mitosis
27
Describe interphase.
the chromosomes are in an extended form and are seen as chromatin. - the NUCLEUS is visible.
28
Describe prophase.
- chromatin condenses into chromosomes - nucleoli and nuclear envelop break down - spindle fibers grow from centrioles - centrioles move to opposite poles of cell
29
Describe metaphase.
- the chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell. - spindle fibers from each centriole are attached to the centromeres of the chromosomes.
30
Describe anaphase.
- the centromeres split - sister chromatids separate as each is pulled to an opposite pole
31
Describe telophase.
- chromosomes become longer, thinner, and less distinct. - new nuclear membranes form. - the nucleolus reappears.
32
Describe cytokinesis.
cytoplasmic division - simultaneous with telophase
33
Describe cytokinesis in plant cells.
In plant cells, a cell plate forms. The fusion of multiple membrane-bounded vesicles supplies a new plasma membrane for each of the two daughter cells. - synthesis of a new cell wall between the daughter cells then occurs at the cell plate.
34
Describe internal regulators.
proteins that respond to events INSIDE the cell. - Cyclins control the activation of these proteins.
35
Describe external regulators.
proteins that respond to events OUTSIDE the cell. - growth factors = most important external regulators
36
What is contact inhibition?
avoidance behavior by cells to reset cell growth
37
Describe cyclins.
- proteins that rise and fall in concentration in step to the eukaryotic cell cycle. - cyclins activate crucial protein kinases called CDK.
38
A cancer is
uncontrolled cell growth
39
benign tumor vs malignant tumor
- benign tumors do not invade surrounding tissue or spread around the body. - malignant tumors may invade its surrounding tissue or spread around the body.
40
Proto-oncogenes
group of genes that are a normal part of cell divison
41
Oncogene
group of mutated proto-oncogene cells that have now become cancerous
42
What is the p53 antioncogene?
p53 is a tumor suppressor gene found mutated in about 1/2 of all human cancers. - it encodes a gene regulatory protein that is activated by damaged DNA and involved in blocking further progression of the cell cycle
43
Apoptosis
programmed cell death
44
What is the difference between cell growth and development?
- Cell growth forms IDENTICAL cells. - Cell development makes changes occur to form new types of cells.
45
Describe zygotes and embryos.
Zygotes: Fusion of egg and sperm cell Embryo: Early development stage
46
During development, cells _______
differentiate (become SPECIALIZED)
47
Specialized cells
cells that perform complex functions of the body - ex: nerve cells, muscle cells, etc.
48
Totipotent stem cells
can become entire organism - able to develop into ANY CELL TYPE
49
Embryonic Stem Cells
Pluripotent - can DIFFERENTIATE into nearly all cells - 4/5 days into fertilization = embryo becomes a blastocyst (balls of cells with a cluster of cells inside)
50
Adult Stem Cells
multipotent - a number of cell types oligopotent - a few cell types unipotent - one cell type
51
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
created in lab settings. Adult somatic cells are REVERTED back to pluripotent form via treatments
52
How does 1 cell create all the specialized cell types in the human body?
The first cell is totipotent (able to develop into any cell type) - only the fertilized egg and cells from first few divisions are totipotent
53
Embryonic Stem Cells
Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent (can develop into most (not all) cell types), - unspecialized cells which differentiated cells develop from
54
Adult Stem Cells
cells that replace cells in the adult body - Example: Skin and blood cells - Multipotent - stem cells in certain tissues may produce cells of that type (ex: blood stem cells producing red/white blood cells)
55
Asexual Representation v. Sexual Representation
Asexual: reproduction through mitosis or binary fission Sexual: Reproduction through production of gametes by process of meiosis

Biology Honors (9) (7 decks)

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