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Biology Honors (9) > Chapter 8: Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Energy travels to Earth in the form of ______

A

Light

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2
Q

We perceive different wavelengths of light as _____

A

colors

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3
Q

Objects absorb every wavelength but _____

A

One. This one wavelength is being reflected back (which is the color we see).
Ex: red objects reflect red light.

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4
Q

Black/dark colored objects

A
  • absorbs all wavelengths of light equally
  • does not reflect any light back
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5
Q

White/light colored objects

A

reflects all wavelengths of light equally

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6
Q

Apparent color = _______ - _______

A

Sunlight - wavelengths/colors

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7
Q

Explain the significance of male/female cardinals.

A
  • Feathers of male cardinals are loaded with carotenoid pigments, which absorb some wavelengths of light and reflect others.
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8
Q

Chloroplast

A

organelle which photosynthesis occurs

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9
Q

Photopigments

A

Photosynthetic organisms capture energy with sunlight with these photopigments.
- these pigments are light-absorbing molecules

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10
Q

What is the main pigment in plants?

A

Chlorophyll

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11
Q

Plant pigments include:

A
  1. chlorophyll a
  2. chlorophyll b
    - absorb most colors well (reds/blues) except poorly in green (reflects)
  3. carotenoids (which absorb light in other regions of the spectrum reflecting oranges, reds, yellows)
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12
Q

ATP

A

a compound that cells use to store and release energy
- basic source of energy

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13
Q

What does ATP consist of:

A
  • adenine (base)
  • ribose (5-carbon sugar)
  • 3 phosphate sugars
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14
Q

ADP

A
  • has 2 phosphate groups
  • if a cell has energy available, stores small amounts of energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP
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15
Q

How is energy in ATP released?

A

by breaking chemical bonds between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups.
- ATP releases and stores energy by breaking and re-forming the bonds between its phosphate groups

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16
Q

What is energy in ATP used for?

A
  • Cellular activities
  • active transport
  • protein synthesis
  • muscle contraction
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17
Q

ATP is not good at ______

A

storing energy for long

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18
Q

True or False: most cells have a large amount of ATP in the cell

A

FALSE, small amount

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19
Q

All energy on Earth comes from ____.

A

THE SUN

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20
Q

List 3 photosynthetic organisms.

A
  • plants
  • algae (underwater plants)
  • cyanobacteria (photosynthesis bacteria)
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21
Q

Write the equation for photosynthesis.

A
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22
Q

Using sunlight energy, photosynthesis transforms ____ & ______ into ____ and _____.

A

transforms: carbon dioxide, water
into: oxygen, carbohydrates (glucose)

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23
Q

When is energy transferred to electrons and in which pigments?

A

in chlorophyll as they absorb sunlight

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24
Q

Chloroplasts are structurally similar to and likely evolved from _____. What is this theory called?

A

photosynthetic bacteria; endosymbiotic theory (two organelles work together)

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25
Stomata
microscopic pores in which carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits the leaf (in a LEAF CELL)
26
Leaf Diagram (memorize!!)
27
Mesophyll
- the interior tissue of the leaf - Chloroplasts are found in highest concentrations in cells of mesophyll. - Mesophyll has 30-40 chloroplasts
28
Chloroplast Diagram
29
Thylakoid
Saclike photosynthetic membranes that contain chlorophyll pigments - light-dependent reactions occur here
30
Granum
Stack of thylakoids
31
Stroma
Region outside the thylakoid membrane - reactions of the Calvin Cycle occur here - "cytoplasm" of chloroplasts
32
Chloroplast membrane
Bilayer surrounding the chloroplast - monitors what enters/exits
33
Thylakoid membrane
Barrier that surrounds thylakoids; pigments (like chlorophyll) are found here
34
Chlorophyll
- embedded in the thylakoid membrane - act like a light "antenna" - these molecules absorb sunlight energy
35
What are the 2 parts of photosynthesis?
- light reactions (light dependent reactions) - Calvin Cycle (light independent reacitons)
36
Explain the energy collection.
- when chlorophyll absorbs light, light energy is transferred to electrons. - these *high-energy electrons* (e-) are needed to start the light-independent reactions.
37
Oxidation
becomes more positive
38
Reduction
becomes more negative
39
Oxidation and Reduction diagram
40
High-energy electrons
- highly reactive - require a special "carrier"
41
NADP+
electron acceptor molecule (only mitten without holding anything) - accepts high-energy electrons and a hydrogen ion (H+)
42
NADPH
electron holder molecule (while holding the electrons)
43
Thylakoids transform light energy into chemical energy of _____.
ATP and NADPH
44
Why is NADP+/NADPH neccessary?
Plants use electron carriers to transport high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules.
45
Explain the effects of NADPH from light dependent reactions and the Calvin Cycle.
The NADPH carries the high-energy electrons from light-dependent reactions (in the thylakoid membrane) to the Calvin Cycle in the stroma of the chloroplast.
46
What 3 things do plants need? (REV)
- photosynthesis - light reactions light (sunlight absorbed by the top of leaves) H20 (rain absorbed by roots) - Calvin Cycle CO2 (atmosphere from stomata holes in the bottom of leaf)
47
Summary of the light reactions
- split H20 - release O2 - reduce NADP+ to NADPH - generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation
48
Summary of the Calvin Cycle
- the Calvin Cycle forms sugar from CO2, using ATP and NADPH - the Calvin Cycle begins with carbon fixation (as they incorporate CO2 into organic molecules)
49
Light (dependent reactions) happen only in ______. - What is the location of these reactions?
- happen only in SUNLIGHT - location: thylakoid membrane (which contains chlorophyll)
50
What are the two parts of light (dependent) reactions?
1. Light is absorbed by chlorophyll molecules 2. The energy generates molecules of ATP from NADPH.
51
What are the reactants of light-dependent reactions?
- H20 - light - NADP+ - ADP
52
What are the products of light-dependent reactions?
- O2 - NADPH - ATP
53
Chemiosmosis
process of joining proton movement (H+ ions) to join ADP and P. - accomplished by enzymes called ATP synthase/ATPases in the thylakoid membrane.
54
Photophosphorylation
process of creating ATP using a Proton gradient created by the energy gathered from sunlight. - (Chemiosis by light energy)
55
Calvin cycle is located in the _____
stroma
56
Reactants of the Calvin Cycle
- CO2 - ATP - NADPH
57
Products of the Calvin Cycle
- Glucose (C6H12O6) - ADP - NADP+
58
Describe the three phases of the Calvin Cycle
- Carbon fixation (catalyzed by RuBisCo) - Reduction/Carbohydrate Formation - Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)
59
Describe carbon fixation.
- Carbon fixation converts CO2 into different organic forms to be used in the reaction. - RuBisCo is the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction.
60
Factors that affect photosynthesis
- Water supply - Amount of sunlight - temperature - carbon dioxide

Biology Honors (9) (7 decks)

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