chapter 10 - classification and evolution Flashcards by Zahid Hassan

what is classification

the name given to the process by which living organisms are sorted into groups

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what are the 7 taxonomic groups

kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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why do scientists classify organisms

to identify species
to predict characteristics
to find evolutionary links

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what are the 3 domains when seperating organisms

arachea, bacteria and eukarya

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what are species

a group of organisms that are able to reproduce to produce fertile offspring

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why are miles and hinnies infertile

their parents are different species therefore they have an odd number of chromosomes so meiosis and gamete production cant take place

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what is binomial nomenclature

the first word in species name indicate genus
second name indicates species

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what are the 5 kingdoms

prokaryotae - bacteria
protoctista - unicellular eukaryotes
fungi - yeasts, moulds
plantae - plants
animalia- animal

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what are the features of prokaryotae

unicellular
no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
small ribosomes
no visible feeding mechanism ( nutrients absorbed through cell wall or produced internally by photosynthesis)

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what are the features of protoctista

mainly unicellular
has nucleus and membrane bound organelles
some have chloroplasts
some are sessile but others move by cilia
nutrients acquired by photosynthesis , or ingestion of other organisms or both ( parasites)

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what are autotrophic organisms

nutrients acquired by photosynthesis

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what are heterotrophic organisms

ingestion of other organisms

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what are features of fungi

unicellular or multicellular
has nucleus and membrane bound organelles and a cell wall made of chitin
no chloroplasts or chlorophyll
no mechanisms for locomotion
body made of mycellium made of hyphae
gain nutrients by absorbing decaying material
store food as glycogen

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what are saprophytic feeders

absorb nutrients from decaying material

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what are features of plantae

multicellular
has nucleus and membrane bound organelles
has chloroplasts and chlorophyll
has cell wall made of cellulose
do not move but gametes move by cilia
autotrophic
store food as starch

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what are features of animalia

multicellular
has nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
no cell wall
no chloroplasts
move with aid of cilia , flagella or contractile proteins
heterotrophic
store food as glycogen

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what are the differences in 3 domains

sequence of nucleotides in rRNA , cell membrane lipid structure and sensitivity to antibiotics

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what are the features of eukarya

80S ribosomes
RNA polymerase contains 12 proteins

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what are the features of archaea

70S ribosomes
RNA polymerase contains between 8 and 10 proteins

what are the features of bacteria

70S ribosomes
RNA polymerase contains 5 proteins

what 2 kingdoms does the prokarotae kingdom split 2

archaebacteria
eubacteria

what is the difference between archaebacteria and eubacteria

archaebacteria has different chemical makeup
e.g eubacteria has cell wall made of peptidoglycan whereas archaebacteria does not

what is archaebacteria

live in extreme conditions such as acidic, anaerobic

what are methanogens

archaebacteria that live in anaerobic conditions such as sewage treatment plants and make methane

what is eubacteria

found in all environments

what is phylogeny

name given to the evolutionary relationship between organisms

what are the advantages of phylogenetic classification

can be done with reference to Linnaean classification produces a continuous tree whereas classification required to discrete taxonomical groups hierarchal nature of linnaean classification can be misleading as it implies different groups within same rank are equivalent

what are the evidence of evolution

paleontology - study of fossils and fossil record comparitive anatomy - study of similarities and differences between organisms anatomy comparitive biochemistry - similarities and differences between chemical makeup of organisms

what is the evidence provided by fossil record ( paleontology)

fossils of simplest organisms such as bacteria are found in oldest rocks therefore support evolutionary theory that simple life forms gradually to more complex ones sequence in organisms are found matches ecological links for example plant fossils appear before animal fossils therefore showing animal need plants to survive by studying similarities in anatomy of fossil organisms we can see how closely related organisms have evolved fossils allow relationships between extinct and living organisms to be investigated

what are the disadvantages of fossil record

many organisms are soft bodies and decompose quickly before they have a chance to fossilise

what is homologous structure

structure that appears superficially different and may perform different functions in different organisms but has same underlying structure

what is divergent evolution

describes how different species have evolved from a common ancestor each with a different set of adaptive features

why does divergent evolution occur

when closely related species diversify to adapt to new habitats as a result of migration or loss of habitat

what is evolutionary embryology

shows how similar different animals develop so processes of embryonic development has common origin

what is intraspecific variation

differences between organisms within a species

what is interspecific variation

difference between different species

what factors cause variation

differences in genetic material an organism inherits from parents leads to genetic variation environment in which organism lives - environmental variation

what causes genetic variation

different alleles mutations meiosis by independent assortment and crossing over sexual reproduction chance

what are the 3 types of adaptations

anatomical - physical features behavioural - way organism acts physiological - processes that take place inside organism

what are adaptations of marram grass ( xerophyte)

curled leaves hairs on inside surface of leaves sunket stomata thick waxy cuticle

what are some anatomical adaptations

body covering camouflage teeth mimicry

what are some behavioural adaptations

survival behaviours courtship seasonal behaviour migration hibernation

what are the 2 categories of behavioural adaptations

innate - inherited through genes learned - learnt from experience or observing other animals

what are some physiological adaptations

poison production antibiotic production water holding

what is convergent evolution

when unrelated species share similar traits

what are analogous structure

when species have structures with same function but different genetic origin

what causes natural selection

selection pressures