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chapter 6 - cell division Flashcards

1
Q

what is interphase

A

cell preparing for cell division

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2
Q

what happens during interphase

A

dna is replicated and checked for errors
protein synthesis occurs in cytoplasm
mitochondrai grow and divide in cytoplasm
chloroplasts grow and divide in algal cell cytoplasm
normal metabolic processes occur

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3
Q

what happens during g1 of interphase

A

proteins which synthesise organelle are produced so organelles replicate. Cell increases in size

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4
Q

what happens during S of interphase

A

dna is replicated in nucleus

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5
Q

what happens during g2 of interphase

A

cell continues to increase in size, energy stores are increased and duplicated DNA is checked for errors

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6
Q

what is mitosis

A

when nucleus divides

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7
Q

what is cytokinesis

A

when cytoplasm divides and 2 cells are produced

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8
Q

what is g0

A

when cell leaves the cycle temporarily or permanently

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9
Q

why does g0 happen

A

-cell becomes specilaised no longer able to divide
-DNA of cell may be damagaed so can no longer divide. Cell becomes senescent
-

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10
Q

what does a high number of senescent cells cause

A

age-related diseases such as cancer and arthritis

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11
Q

what type of cells can enter g0 can go back to cell cycle

A

lymphocytes in an immune response

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12
Q

what happens during g1 checkpoint

A

at the end of g1 phase. Checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors and DNA damage

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13
Q

what happens during g2 checkpoint

A

checks for cell size, DNA replication, DNA damage

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14
Q

what happens during spindle assembly checkpoint

A

checks if chromosomes attach to spindles

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15
Q

what do kinases do

A

they are enzymes catalysing addition of phosphate group which changes tertiary structure of checkpoint protein activating them during cell cycle

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16
Q

what are checkpoint proteins called

A

cyclins

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17
Q

what is CDK complex

A

cyclin- dependent kinase complex

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18
Q

how are tumours formed

A

cyclin gene may be mutated causing large amount of cyclins to be formed therefore disrupting regulation of cell cycle causing tumour. CDK can be used as chemical inhibitor to treat cancer

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19
Q

is mitosis sexual or asexual

A

asexual - produce genetically identical offspring

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20
Q

what is mitosis used for

A

growth , replacement , and repair of tissues, asexual reproduction

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21
Q

what is binary fission

A

bacteria version of mitosis as they do not have a nucleus

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22
Q

how are chromatids formed

A

during interphase, each DNA molecule ( chromosomes) is converted to 2 identical DNA molecules, called chromatid

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23
Q

what is the region where 2 chromatids are joined together

A

centromere

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24
Q

how many chromosomes are there when 2 chromatids are formed from one chromosome

A

still 1

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25
how are chromatin formed
during interphase, DNA combined with histones to form chromatin
26
what happens during prophase
chromatin coil and condense to form chromosomes. Nucleolus dissapears nuclear membrane breaks down spindles form and attach to centromeres
27
what happens during metaphase
chromosomes are moved by spindle fibres and aligned at the equator called metaphase plate
28
what happens during anaphase
centromeres holding pair of chromatids divide and are seperated to opposite poles of cells by spindle fibres
29
what happens during telophase
chromatids have reached poles are now chromosomes. Nuclear envelope reforms. Chromosome uncoils and nucleolus is formed cytokinesis begins
30
what happens during cytokinesis in animal cells
a cleavage burrow forms in middle of cell. Cell surface membrane is pulled inwards by cytoskeleton until it fuses in middle forming 2 cells
31
what happens during cytokinesis in plant cells
vesicles from golgi apparatus assemble near metaphase plate and vesicles fuse with each other and the cell surface membrane forming new cell wall dividing into 2 new cells
32
why dont plant cells have cleavage furrow
they have a cell wall so not possible
33
what happens if dividing cell wall were formed before daughter cells seperated
they would undergo osmotic lysis from surrounding water
34
what is meiosis
reduction division
35
what are diploids
2 chromosomes of each type
36
is meiosis sexual or asexual
sexual
37
what does meiosis form
gametes as nucleus divides twice to form 4 gametes each with half of the chromosomes number ( haploid)
38
what are homologous chromosomes
matching set of chromosomes . Each chromosome has same genes at same loci
39
what are alleles
different version of the same gene
40
what happens in meiosis 1
homologous chromosomes are seperated into 2 new cells. Each new cell will contain one full set of gene instead of 2 , so cells are haploid
41
what happens in meiosis 2
- chromatids present in each daughter cell are seperate forming 2 more cells, 4 haploid cells produced in total
42
what is prophase 1
chromosomes condense nuclear envelope disintegrates nucleolus dissapears spindle formation begins homologous chromsomes pair up forming bivalents. Chromatids entangle ( crossing over)
43
what is metaphase 1
homologous chromosomes assemble at metaphase plate orientation of homologous pair random so maternal or paternal chromosomes can face either pole. This is independent assortment and result in different combinations of alleles.
44
what is anaphase1
homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles but chromatids stayed joined sections of DNA on sister chromatids which became entangled break off and rejoin at chiasmata resulting in exchange of DNA
45
what is telaphase 1
chromosomes assemble at each pole nuclear membrane reforms chromosomes uncoil cellundergoes cytokinesis dipolid to haploid
46
what is prophase 2
chromosomes condense nuclear envelope breaks down spindle formation begins
47
what is metaphase 2
individual chromosomes assmeble on metaphase plate independent assortment occurs again
48
what is anaphase 2
chromatids of indiviual chromsomes are pulled to oposite poles
49
what is telophase 2
chromsomes uncoil and form chromatin again nuclear envelope reforms nucleolus becomes visible cytokinesis occurs
50
what are levels of organistation in multicellular organisms
specialised cells - tissues - organs - organsystems - whole organisms
51
what is function of erythrocytes
carries oxygen
52
what is structure of erythrocytes
have flattene bionconcave shape to increase SA: V ration and no nuclei therefore more haemoglobin to carry more oxygen, THey are flexible to squeenze through narrow capilaries
53
what is role of neutrophils
white blood cell with role in immune system
54
what is structure of neutrophils
multi-lobed nucleus to squeenze through small gaps to get to sites of infectiom. Granular cytoplasm contains lysosomes that contains enzymes to attack pathogens
55
what is role of sperms cell
deliver genetic information to female gamete
56
what is structure of sperm cell
have tail for movement and many mitochondria to supply energy. needed to swim. Acrosome on the head contains digestive enzymes to digest protectivce layers around ovum allowing sperm to penetrate and fertilise
57
what is role of palisade cells
presnet in mesophyll to absorbs large amounts of light for photosynthesis
58
structure of palisade cells
contains many chlorophyll, cells are rectangular boxed shapes which can be closely packed to form a continous layer. Thye have thin cell walls increasing rate of diffusion of co2 large vacuole to maintain turgor pressure chloroplastd can move within cytoplasmt to asborb more light
59
role of root hair cells
surface of root near growing tips to increase SA by growing root hairto increase SA of cell and maximise. uptake of water and mineral ions
60
role of guard cells
surface of leaves to form openings called stomata for co2 to enter plant for photosynthesis
61
waht is structure of guard cells
when they lose water they become less swollen as a result of osmotic fores therefore change shape and close stomata to prevent further water loss cell wall of guard call is thicker on one side so cell does not change shape symettricllay
62
what is a tissue
made up of a collection of differentiation cells that have a specific function
63
what is nervous tissue
adapted to support transmission of electrical impulses
64
what is epithelial tissue
adapted to cover body surfaces, internal and external
65
what is muscle tissue
adapted to contract
66
what is connective tissue
adaptef to hold otbher tissue together or as a transport medium
67
what is squamous epithelium
made up of specialised squamous epithelial cells to form lining of lungs for rapid diffusion of oxygen into lungs very thin due to flat cells and is one cell thick
68
what is ciliated epithelium
made of ciliated epithelial cells habe cilia that lines trachea to swept mucus away from lungs contain goblet cells which produce mucus to trap unwanted particles preventing it from reaching alveoli
69
what is cartilage
connective tissue in ear and noise and end of bones contains fibre of elastrin and collagen it is composed of chondrocyte cells in an extracellular matrix. prevents end of bones from rubbing against each other caysing damage
70
what is muscle
tissue that contracts to move bones skeletal muscle fibres contain myofibrils ( dark pink ) which contain contractile proteins
71
what is epidermis tissue
adapted to cover plant surfaces
72
what is vascular tissue
adapted for transport of water and nutrients
73
what is epidermis
single layer of closely packed cells covering surface of plants covered in waxy , waterproof cuticle to reduce loss of water contains stomata allow co2 , o2 and water vapour in and out
74
what is xylem
vascular tissue transport of water and mineral ions throughtout plant composed of vessel elements which are elongated dead cells walls of these cells are strenghtened with waterproof material called lignin provifing structural support
75
what is phloem
vascular tissue transport of organic nutrients from leabes and stems to where it is needed compose dof columsn on sieve tube cells seperated by perforated walls called sieve plates
76
what is an organ
collection of tissues adapted to perform particular function in an organism
77
what is organ system
collection of organs working together to carry out a major function
78
what is digestive system
breaks down large insoluble molecules into small solbules ones, absorbs nutrients into blood, retains water, removes undigested material from blood
79
what is cardiovascular system
moves blood around body and provides effective trasnprti system for the substance it carries
80
what is gaseous exchange system
brings air into body so oxygen can be extracted for respiration and co2 can be expelled
81
what are stem cells
undifferentiated cells
82
what are toti-potent cells
stem cells that differentiate into ant type of cells such as extra-embryonic tissues lime umbilicus. can therefore produce whole organisms
83
what are pluri-potent cells
differentiate into all tissue types but not whole organisms. Present in early embryos
84
what are multi-potent cells
form a range of cells within a certain type of tissue
85
where are all blood cells derived from
stem cells in bone marrow
86
why do red blood cells have short life spans
no nucleus
87
what are embryonic stem cells
cells present at early stage of embryo development and are totipotent. After 7 days, a mass of cells called blastocytes are fomred and cells are now pluripotent
88
what are adult stem cells
found throughout life from birth. They are mulitpotent but may be aritificallt triggered to pluripotent cells can be harvested from unbilical cords
89
what plant tissue is a source of stem cell
meristematic tissue ( pluripotent)
90
what are uses of stem cells
-treat heart disease - treat type 1 diabetes - treat parkinsons to produce dopamine producing cells - treat alzheimers -burns by producing new skin - drug trials

biology (17 decks)

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