Chapter 10 - DNA Structure

Question 1

Central Dogma

Answer 1

DNA -> transcription-> RNA -> translation-> Proteins

Question 2

hershey chase experiment

Answer 2

T2 virus = protein + DNA

attacks E. Coli bacteria

Question 3

conclusion of transformation experiments

Answer 3

DNA is the genetic material for many viruses and prokaryotes

Question 4

transformation

Answer 4

involves converting one line of bacteria/virus to another line

Question 5

nucleic acid parts

Answer 5

nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar (pentose), phosphate group

Question 6

polymers of nucleic acid

Answer 6

DNA & RNA

Question 7

pyrimidines

Answer 7

one ring
cytosine, thymines, uracil

Question 8

purines

Answer 8

have two rings
guanine and adenine

Question 9

ribose

Answer 9

5 carbon sugar with a hydroxy group on carbon 2’

Question 10

deoxyribose

Answer 10

5 carbon sugar with an H on carbon 2’

Question 11

nucleoside

Answer 11

nitrogenous base attached to 1’ carbon of ribose or deoxyribose

Question 12

nucleotide

Answer 12

nucleoside with a phosphate group attached to 5’ carbon

Question 13

phosphodiester bonds

Answer 13

links adjacent nucleotides

Question 14

oligonucleotide

Answer 14

shorter chain of nucleotides that consists of less than 20

Question 15

polynucleotide

Answer 15

long chain of nucleotide, more than 20

Question 16

watson and crick base pairs

Answer 16

C-G
A-T

Question 17

watson and crick model

Answer 17

double helix (two polynucleotide chains coiled around a common axis)

Question 18

B-DNA

Answer 18

right handed
most common form (in humans)

Question 19

A-DNA

Answer 19

right handed helix, very compact
not known from living organisms

Question 20

Z-DNA

Answer 20

left handed helix
12 bases per turn
C-G only

Question 21

RNA structure

Answer 21

sugar is ribose
U-T, C-G

Question 22

major function of RNA

Answer 22

expression of genes
can be genetic material of some viruses

Question 23

PCR Steps

Answer 23

denature DNA
anneal primers
extend primers

Question 24

PCR Steps

Answer 24

denature DNA
anneal primers
extend primers

Question 25

tetranucleotide hypothesis

Answer 25

in any length of DNA, there is an equal number of bases in same repetitive order A=T, C=G -> 25% of each

Question 26

virulant

Answer 26

disease causing

Question 27

QB bacteriophage

Answer 27

enzyme that directly copies RNA

Question 28

reverse transcriptase

Answer 28

viral DNA -> reverse transcription -> DNA -> transcription -> viral mRNA -> viral protein

Question 29

tobacco mosaic virus

Answer 29

transformation example

Question 30

amplification of DNA

Answer 30

make clones of DNA ex- PCR

Question 31

DNA fractions

Answer 31

electrophoresis

Question 32

base content analyses

Answer 32

sequencing

Question 33

primers

Answer 33

specific sequence that matches target DNA (about 20 base pairs long) part of PCR testing

Question 34

what is needed for a PCR test

Answer 34

template DNA, primers, DNA polymerase, nucleotide, Mg+ buffer

Question 35

DNA denaturing temp

Answer 35

95 degrees Celsius needed to break Hydrogen bonds and separate the strands

Question 36

primer annealing temp

Answer 36

60-65 degrees Celsius

Question 37

strand elongation temp

Answer 37

70 degrees Celsius

Question 38

denature DNA

Answer 38

breaking a DNA strand into single strands

Question 39

anneal primers

Answer 39

enables primers to attach to a specific location

Question 40

extend primers

Answer 40

extend the new DNA strands from the primers

Question 41

product of first cycle of PCR

Answer 41

two new DNA molecules

Question 42

cycle 2 of PCR

Answer 42

four new DNA molecules

Question 43

DNA electrophoresis

Answer 43

separation of DNA fragments based on length

Question 44

charge on DNA

Answer 44

negative