Chapter 9 - Extranuclear Inheritance

Question 1

streptomycin resistance is a form of what type of mutation

Answer 1

chloroplast

Question 2

four o’clock plant is a form of

Answer 2

chloroplast vegiation

Question 3

mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

Answer 3

genes participate in conversion of energy to chemical bonds; small; double stranded; closed circle

Question 4

dilution effect

Answer 4

zygote receives many mitochondria, so the mtDNA mutation becomes less important

Question 5

heteroplasmy

Answer 5

adult has a mix of wild type and mutant mitochondria

Question 6

inheritance of mitochondrial disorders

Answer 6

maternal

Question 7

myclonic epilepsy and ragged red fiber disease (MERRF)

Answer 7

mitochondrial disorder where A is substituted for G in a genome sequence
maternal inheritance
effects: deafness, dementia, low muscle coordination

Question 8

ataxia

Answer 8

low muscle coordination

Question 9

leber’s hereditary option neuropathy (LHON)

Answer 9

maternal inheritance
sudden onset bilateral blindness

Question 10

kearns syre syndrome

Answer 10

effects: vision and hearing loss, cardiac problems
heteroplasmy more common with age
symptoms worsen in adulthood

Question 11

mitochondrial replacement therapy

Answer 11

cytoplasm from a donor egg is transferred into recipient egg, which is fertilized via in vitro fertilization

Question 12

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Answer 12

zygote is removed and transferred to an anucleated donor egg

Question 13

results of IV

Answer 13

three person IVF:
half nuclear genome from father, half nuclear genome from mother, mitochondrial genome from donor

Question 14

infectious heredity

Answer 14

particles/’infection’ transmitted in eukaryotic cytoplasm

Question 15

kappa particles

Answer 15

bacteria like particles (DNA + protein) that can produce a toxin called paramecin

Question 16

two strands of kappa particles

Answer 16

killer and sensitive

Question 17

male killing

Answer 17

males die during development

Question 18

feminization

Answer 18

infected male develop as females (psuedo-females)

Question 19

parthenogenesis

Answer 19

females reproduce without males

Question 20

cytoplasmic incompatibility

Answer 20

inability for a Wolbachia infected male to successfully reproduce

Question 21

maternal effects

Answer 21

offspring phenotype for a particular trait is determined by mother’s nuclear gene products in egg

Question 22

dextral coil

Answer 22

right handed coiling

Question 23

sinistral coil

Answer 23

left handed coiling

Question 24

where is coiling determined in freshwater snails

Answer 24

the embryo

Question 25

bicoid protein

Answer 25

determines polarity of an embryo in females

Question 26

maternal effect gene groups

Answer 26

anterior, posterior, terminal

Question 27

zygotic genes

Answer 27

expressed by zygote and effect phenotype

Question 28

types of zygotic genes

Answer 28

gap genes pair-rule genes segment polarity genes homeotic genes

Question 29

gap genes

Answer 29

divide into broad regions

Question 30

pair rule genes

Answer 30

defines segment boarders, divides into smaller segments

Question 31

segment polarity genes

Answer 31

divide segments into anterior and posterior genes

Question 32

homeotic selector genes

Answer 32

specify identity of each segment