Chapter 10: Emotional Development Flashcards
(38 cards)
When is the first point in development when an infant shows emotional control? What action demonstrates this?
Infants will begin to sooth themselves through thumb-sucking at three months of age.
Differentiate a social facultative from a general facultative adaptation. Provide an example or two of some discussed social facultative adaptations.
An adaptation designed to respond to specific cues in the social environment, allowing one to pursue the most advantageous social strategy. Ex 1. Dominance levels as a product of early-life height. Ex 2. Parenting strategy as a product of order and SES (tough child or smart child).
When does an infants first social smile develop?
Six weeks.
Describe how emotions differ between cultures. Hint: think in terms of primary and secondary emotions.
Primary emotions are consistent across cultures. Secondary emotions vary across cultures, with western societies being more emotionally expressive.
How do attachment styles differ in collectivistic cultures (two key points)?
- Collectivistic children will always explore less. 2. If a child is an insecure attachment style then they always be the resistant type.
These emotions emerge around two months, although, they cannot typically be distinguished until four months.
Anger and sadness.
What was the strongest predictor of outcome within children rescued from the Romanian orphanages?
The age at which a child was removed from the orphanage.
When do infants become discriminant with who they smile at?
Seven months.
There are three approaches to measuring emotion. What are these?
- Approach in terms of physiological states. 2. Facial expression or body posture. 3. Look for specific stimuli in the environment.
What is the advantage of experience-expectant learning?
Storing information in the environment, not just the genome, may be an efficient way to pass regularity on to the next generation, while saving genetic space. The human genome has only ~30,000 genes.
Who discussed imprinting? What type of adaptation would this be considered?
Konrad Lorenz; facultative adaptation.
Mary Ainsworth created a paradigm to measure infant attachment style. What is this paradigm called, and what age of infant would we use it on?
Strange Situation Task; 9 to 18 months.
How do preschoolers describe themselves?
Using simple, concrete, and observable terms. Ex. I have blonde hair.
Children begin to mask disappointment and fake gratefulness at this age.
Three years.
Articulate the difference between a facultative and obligate adaptation.
Facultative: Adaptations designed to respond only when functional in the environment. These are species-dependent. Obligate: Adaptations designed to develop reliability as long as an individual is in a species-typical environment. These are experience-expectant.
The fear of strangers tends to show up when in infants? How might we contrast this with the emergence of another preference at this time?
Six to seven months. This is also when children begin to be more selective with their smiles–only smiling at those they are familiar with.
How many species do we see culture in? What is this often a product of?
Only humans have cumulative culture because only humans have the cognitive machinery to permit and support the evolution and transmission of culture. Also claims that humans are the only species capable of imitation.
What factors most influence child temperament?
Parental consistency and support are the strongest predictors, followed by temperament profile in early life.
In leu of culture what form of learning do we see?
Social Learning/Transmission
How did Darwin view emotions? And how did this lead to the functionalist school of thought?
He posited that emotions showed a continuity of function across species, and believed that human emotions had evolved from the emotions of their animal ancestors. The function of emotions, generally, is to promote behaviour that facilitates a specific goal in a particular environmental context. This describes the evolved utility that Darwin discussed.
Describe three key findings that Harlow uncovered in his series of rhesus monkey experiments.
- Monkeys prefer spending time with terry-cloth mothers even when the wire mother provides food. 2. Monkeys require a comforting mother for them to develop an exploratory tendency. 3. Maternal skills are learned. Those without a mother were poor mothers themselves.
An infant removes themselves from a distressing situation for the first time. How old are likely to be?
Between one and two years old.
Infants tend to be wary before they are fearful. At which two points do these emotions develop?
Four months; seven months.
What is the advantage of experience-dependent learning?
Allow an individual to optimize his or her compatibility with the current environment.
