Chapter 11: Family and Other Relationships Flashcards
(37 cards)
Here are some statistics that you should be able to recite: 1) What percentage of children live with their mothers following divorce? 2) What percentage of men and women, respectively, remarry following a divorce. 3) What percentage of children experience divorce once? How about twice?
1) 90% 2) 75% of fathers remarry; 65% of mothers remarry. 3) 40%; 10%.
What age-range of people do infants prefer playing with?
Adults.
There are four stages of friendship. Your goal is to provide the duration window and a short description for each. (Hint: they somewhat coincide with Piagetian stages.)
Stage 1 (Preschool): Based on proximity and shared activity. Stage 2 (5 to 7 years): Shared activity where friendships are easily made and forgotten. Stage 3 (6 to 12 years–similar to concrete operational): Still share activity, but friendships are now based on loyalty and reciprocity. Stage 4 (Adolescence–similar to formal operational): Intimacy and self-disclosure become important. More time with peers than family (twice as much).
How does alloparenting contribute to the cooperative breeding hypothesis.
Mothers have alloparents (relatives) who assist in early child rearing as to provide mothers with the time required to reproduce faster.
At these developmental dates, an infant will develop some sort of peer interaction. What, specifically, occurs here? 1) Three to four months. 2) Six months.
1) Will try to touch one another. 2) Will look at other infants and smile.
Describe parallel play and state when it typically occurs.
Infants independently playing in unison. From years one to two.
What does menopause signal in an older women?
Marks the shift from a parent, reproductive strategy to a grandparent, supporting strategy. “A grandmother’s foraging provides crucial nutrition for young children who were no longer nursing but who were not yet eating adult food [in the Hadza tribe].”
How does parenting style change between mothers and fathers when divorce occurs?
Females become more authoritarian. Males become more permissive.
Explain the logic behind good-enough parenting.
If parenting is only valuable insofar as to make children acceptable to their peers, of whom will properly socialize them, then perhaps extra parenting efforts are a poor use of resources and energy.
We know that the socio-economic status of a neighbourhood is a strong predictor of outcome, but can you provide another positive outcome predictor (something relating to one’s neighbourhood)?
The stability of a person’s home life, e.g. whether they have grown up in the same home or not is a strong predictor of life outcome.
Describe cooperative play and state when it typically occurs.
Infants playing in unison, focusing on the same activity (theme). Occurs after the second year.
What do Jones and Hawke see as the two variables that determine parenting style in Hadza and !Kung tribes? What implications do these have for modern society?
1) Whether there are sufficient resources for a mother to support herself sans a father. 2) The inherent risks of their environment. With sufficient safety and resources in modern society, we trend towards a warm, democratic, and authoritative structure.
When looking at the correlations between attachment style and parenting style what should we be cautious about?
“Keep in mind that this research is not experimental. Children have not been randomly assigned to be parented by authoritative, permissive, or authoritarian parents. Baumrind reminds us to keep in mind other factors, such as socio-economic status, when interpreting the data.”
Define adolescence and state its purpose.
The period of time after reproductive maturity when an individual is still dependent on his or her parents. The purpose of adolescence is to provide humans time to become cognitively and socially skilled.
When does in-group vs. out-group psychology develop in infants?
Three months.
The Hadza are a group of hunter-gatherers who move seasonally. List some parenting characteristics that can be observed in their society. What do these tell us about the Hadza’s environment?
-Shorter birth intervals -More attentive to each child -Less rigid discipline These traits indicate a resource-rich environment (shorter intervals) with little danger (less disciplined).
By the age of four who does a child most frequently interact with?
Their siblings. These siblings teach them culture, games, and skills.
A child is overly susceptible to the peer pressure cast by negative figures. What style were they likely raised with?
Permissive. “Inattentive [permissive] parents are not available to monitor their children’s behaviours and may not be aware when they are spending time with peers who do not uphold the parents’ values. Peers are powerful influences, especially in adolescent development.”
Women can be sure that a child is theirs; men cannot be so sure. Provide several pieces of evidence for things that we as a species do to convince men a child is theirs (three points listed).
1) Non-biased, randomly selected raters are significantly better at pairing infants up with their fathers. Provides evidence that infants look more like their fathers, at least initially.
2) Maternal family members are significantly more likely than paternal family members to remark on how much a child looks like the father versus.
3) Males, but not females, are more likely to punish children who do not look like them, and are more likely to reward children who do look like the.
How does the ideal parenting style differ between individualistic and collectivistic cultures?
Authoritative styles are ideal in the west. Authoritarian styles are ideal in the east.
What do older siblings commonly do when their younger sibling is born?
“…but once the infant sibling arrives, the older sibling typically shows signs of distress, might show signs of withdrawal, show signs of immaturity that they had already outgrown, and might show clear signs of competing for parental attention.”
What is the role of paternal parenting and how common is it across species?
The role of a father is to ensure that their child is competitive amongst peers. Will only invest when this cost will greatly improve his child’s fitness. Seen in roughly 5% of species.
Explain group socialization theory.
“Socialization takes place in peer groups, especially sex- and age-segregated peer groups that form from middle childhood through adolescence. In adolescence these groups are also segregated by ability and interest. Once children identify with such a peer group, they adopt the group’s attitudes and norms of behaviour. Behaviours learned at home will only be transmitted to the group if that behaviour is shared by and approved by most of the group members. Ultimately, the child’s peer group creates the children’s culture by selecting and rejecting elements of adult culture and by inventing novel elements.”
What was Judith Harris’ main argument?
“Peers, not parents, socialize children.”
