Chapter 10: Forest Surveying & Mapping Flashcards
1
Q
What are four uses of surveying and mapping techniques?
A
- Locating property/forest boundaries; 2. Locating key surface features; 3. Creating forest stand maps; 4. Forest inventory/sampling
2
Q
What are three examples of key surface features found by surveying and mapping techniques?
A
Roads, streams, utility lines
3
Q
What are two ways of surveying distance?
A
- Pacing; 2. Chaining
4
Q
When is pacing used for surveying distance?
A
When high accuracy not needed
5
Q
How many steps is a pace?
A
2
6
Q
Pacing is this for each individual
A
Calibrated
7
Q
How many feet is a chain?
A
66
8
Q
This surveying method is used for higher accuracy
A
Chaining
9
Q
Chaining uses these to measure distance
A
Metal tapes
10
Q
How many feet is 2 chains?
A
100
11
Q
What are two ways of determining direction?
A
- Magnetic compass; 2. GPS receiver
12
Q
This method of determining direction is favored by many foresters
A
Magnetic compass
13
Q
Are magnetic compasses cheap and simple to use for determining direction?
A
Yes
14
Q
This method of determining direction is used for higher accuracy
A
GPS receiver
15
Q
Is GPS use supplanting magnetic compasses?
A
Yes
16
Q
There are two main systems for surveying these in the United States
A
Land parcels
17
Q
This system for surveying land parcels uses natural landmarks for delineation
A
Metes and bounds
18
Q
Who originated the metes and bounds system?
A
English
19
Q
The metes and bounds systems was historically used here
A
Thirteen colonies
20
Q
This system for surveying land parcels was established by Congress in 1785
A
Public Land Survey System
21
Q
What are the _ basic units of the Public Land Survey System?
A
- Township; 2.
22
Q
What size is a township?
A
36 square miles (6 x 6 miles)
23
Q
How many sections is a township divided into?
A
36 sections (1 x 1 miles each)
24
Q
What are smaller sections a township can be divided into?
A
Quarters or smaller parcels
25
Townships are located using these
Coordinates
26
The "township" of a township is determined by this coordinate
North-south
27
The range of a township is determined by this coordinate
East-west
28
T and R coordinates use these lines to survey land
Principal meridians and baselines
29
How many acres are in a section?
640
30
What are four types of information that forest maps provide?
1. Property boundaries; 2. Size/location of forest stands; 3. Stand properties; 4. Surface features
31
What are three examples of stand properties that forest maps can describe?
Age, species composition, density
32
What are three examples of surface features that can be on forest maps?
Roads, streams, utilities
33
Maps are made using these two types of information
Remote sensing and field data
34
What are two types of remote sensing imagery?
1. Aerial photos; 2. Satellite images
35
What are four types of information about a forest that can come from remote sensing imagery?
1. Stand area; 2. Tree species composition; 3. Timber volume; 4. Forest health
36
What are three types of information about forests can be gained from infrared photos?
1. Species identification; 2. Soil moisture; 3. Vegetation stress
37
What are _ types of timber surveys?
1. Strategic surveys; 2. Management-oriented surveys; 3. Timber appraisals
38
These timber surveys are extensive and low intensity
Strategic surveys
39
These timber surveys are used for a broad picture of overall forest
Strategic surveys
40
What are strategic surveys used for?
To established broad management and use policies
41
Which group often uses strategic surveys?
USFS Forest Inventory and Monitoring Survey
42
This type of timber survey requires data on specific forests
Management-oriented survey
43
What are four inventories on standing timber taken by management-oriented surveys?
1. Timber quantity; 2. Timber quality; 3. Age; 4. Location
44
In management-oriented surveys, this is needed to make forest projections
Growth increment
45
In management-oriented surveys, this is often surveyed
Reproduction
46
This type of timber survey requires very specific data and is very intensive
Timber appraisal
47
What is the main purpose of timber appraisal?
Assessing sale value of forest land/timber
48
Timber appraisals require precise measure of how many trees in a forest?
Many or all trees
49
What are _ types of tree measurement?
1. Diameter; 2. Basal area; 3. Height; 4. Volume; 5. Age and growth increment;
50
This diameter is most common
Diameter at breast height (DBH)
51
What is the standard DBH?
4.5 feet
52
What are two accurate tools used in measuring diameter?
D-tape and calipers
53
What is a 'quick and dirty' tool used in measuring diameter?
Biltmore stick
54
Measuring DBH provides this type of diameter
Diameter outside bark
55
This tool is used to measure bark depth
Bark gauge
56
This measurement is the stem area at 4.5'
Basal area
57
What are the typical units for basal area?
Square feet/acre
58
What are two simple tools used to estimate basal area?
Angle gauge and wedge prism
59
What are the two different tree height measurements?
Total height and merchantable height
60
This is the smallest diameter at the top of the tree that a mill will buy
Merchantable height
61
Who sets merchantable height?
Local markets
62
What are two tools used to measure tree height?
Hypsometer and height pole
63
This type of tree measurement cannot be measured directly
Volume
64
What two measurements are needed to calculate tree volume?
Diameter and height
65
Many of these have been published for tree volume measurement
Equations and tables
66
What are the two types of tree volumes?
Total and merchantable volume
67
What are three units used in tree volume measurement?
Board feet, cubic feet, weight (usually tons)
68
How is tree age assessed?
Count of growth rings
69
The width of recent rings determines this
Growth increment
70
Do conifers or hardwoods have more distinct rings that are easier to age in the field?
Conifers
71
This tool is used to extract increment cores
Borer
72
What forest/stand aspect can forest sampling estimate?
Volume
73
What are two ways that forests are sampled?
Fixed-plot and variable plot sampling
74
This type of forest sampling uses sets of plots of fixed dimension
Fixed-plot sampling
75
What is the typical plot area?
0.1-0.2 acres
76
What are three plot shapes that can be used in fixed-plot sampling?
Square, rectangle, circle
77
In fixed-plot sampling, which trees are sampled within a plot?
All trees
78
This type of forest sampling is also called point sampling
Variable plot sampling
79
The probability of a tree being sampled is proportional to this
Size of the tree
80
Does variable-plot sampling tally more large or small trees?
Large trees
81
What is the advantage of variable-plot sampling?
A good estimate can be acquired by sampling fewer trees
82
What kind of tools determine which trees to sample in variable-plot sampling?
Optical tools
83
What are the two arrangements of sample plots?
1. Random sample; 2. Systematic sampling
84
In this sample plot arrangement, plot location is completely random
Random sampling
85
This type of random sampling randomly assigns plots to different stand types
Stratified random sampling
86
In this sampling arrangement, plots fall on a rectilinear grid
Systematic sampling
87
Can systematic sampling be biased?
Yes
88
These two types of data are essential for forest management and are taken periodically on most stands
Growth and yield
89
This is the timber volume at a given time
Yield
90
This is the volume change over time
Growth
91
These types of plots are set aside for collecting growth data
Permanent plots
92
What are the four components of forest growth?
1. Ingrowth; 2. Survivor growth; 3. Mortality; 4. Cut
93
This is the volume of new trees
Ingrowth
94
This is the volume change of surviving trees
Survivor growth
95
This is the volume of trees that died
Mortality
96
This is the volume of harvests
Cut
97
What is the equation for net growth?
Net growth = Ingrowth + survivor growth - mortality - cut
98
This quantifies the potential of a site for growing forest
Site index
99
What does site index measure?
The mean height of dominant/codominant trees for a species at a specific base age
100
What type of stands is site index used for?
Even-aged stands
101
This is related to rotation length
Index age
102
What are two types of data needed to quantify site index for a stand?
1. Height/age data; 2. Published site index curves
103
What is stand growth and site quality information used for?
Growth projection
104
These are created to project current stands to a future date
Growth and yield
105
What are _ things that growth and yield models are used for?
1. Finding optimal rotation; 2. Assessing effective management treatments;
106
This is the theory and practice of controlling forest to meet management goals
Silviculture
107
What six forest attributes is silviculture used to control?
1. Establishment; 2. Growth rate; 3. Species composition; 4. Health/vitality; 5. Product quality; 6. Aesthetics
108
What are five goals silviculture is used to meet?
1. Timber; 2. Wildlife habitat; 3. Water quality; 4. Range production; 5. Scenery
109
Silviculture is based on understanding of these three aspects
1. Tree silvics; 2. Ecological succession; 3. Effect of disturbance
110
What are _ types of forest stands?
1. Even-aged; 2. Uneven-aged
111
In this type of forest stand, all trees are roughly the same age?
Even-aged stand
112
Where do even-aged stands occur?
Where disturbance is frequent and large scale
113
What type of species are found in even-aged stands?
Early successional species
114
How are even-aged stands classified?
By development stage
115
These stands are often very dense
Young stands
116
Young stands will naturally do this with age
Self-thin
117
What type of canopy do young stands develop?
Uniform
118
Do young stands have much vertical stratification?
No
119
At what stage does wood production maximize?
Mature
120
These tree crowns emerge above the canopy
Dominant
121
These tree crowns comprise the canopy layer
Codominant
122
These tree crowns are under the canopy layer
Intermediate
123
These tree crowns are well under the canopy
Suppressed/overtopped
124
This type of forest stand has trees of many different ages
Uneven-aged stands
125
Where do uneven-aged stands occur?
Where disturbance is infrequent and small-scale
126
What type of species are in uneven-aged stands?
Late successional species
127
Do uneven-aged stands develop less uniform crowns?
Yes
128
This type of stratification is good for wildlife
Vertical stratification
129
In uneven-aged stands, is wood production roughly constant each year?
Yes
130
What are _ types of silvicultural methods?
1. Stand improvement methods
131
These are applied between regeneration and harvest
Stand improvement methods
132
What is another name for stand improvement methods?
Intermediate treatments
133
What are four forest aspects that stand improvement methods improve?
Composition, growth, health, quality
134
This type of intermediate treatment frees desirable trees from competition
Release cut
135
