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Forest Ecology & Management > Chapter 6: Forest Ecosystem Ecology > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Forest Ecosystem Ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

Energy flow goes from this to this

A

High quality sunlight to low quality heat

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2
Q

Ecological efficiency averages about this much

A

10%

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3
Q

This is the rate at which producers convert light to chemical energy

A

Primary productivity

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4
Q

This is the total rate of energy fixation

A

Gross primary productivity

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5
Q

This is GPP minus producer respiration and is the energy available to the rest of the ecosystem

A

Net primary productivity

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6
Q

NPP = GPP - this

A

Plant respiration

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7
Q

What percent of sunlight is NPP?

A

1-2%

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8
Q

Among forest biomes, which have the highest NPP?

A

Tropical forests

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9
Q

What are six constraints on leaf-level photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR); Air/soil temperatures; Available water; Humidity; CO2 concentration; Nutrients

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10
Q

What nutrient in particular is a constraint on leaf-level photosynthesis?

A

Nitrogen

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11
Q

What is actual evapotranspiration?

A

Actual water lost to evaporation and transpiration

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12
Q

Does actual evapotranspiration increase with increase in temperature?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Does actual evapotranspiration decrease with increase in moisture?

A

No

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14
Q

This measures the total area of leaves

A

Leaf area index

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15
Q

This increases leaf area index

A

Light deficit

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16
Q

This lowers leaf area index

A

Water/nutrient deficit

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17
Q

These describe movements of chemicals through an ecosystem

A

Nutrient cycles

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18
Q

What are the two components of nutrient cycles?

A

Pools and fluxes

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19
Q

These store nutrients for some period

A

Pools

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20
Q

These are movements of nutrients between pools

A

Fluxes

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21
Q

This is the time nutrients spend in a pool

A

Residence time

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22
Q

What are four types of nutrient inputs?

A

Wet/dry atmospheric deposition; Mineral weathering; Nitrogen fixation; Nutrient mineralization

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23
Q

What are two sources of nitrogen fixation?

A

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and lightning

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24
Q

What is a source of nutrient mineralization?

A

Release from SOM

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25
What are four types of nutrient outputs?
Erosion, leaching, volatilization, and harvesting/deforestation
26
What are three pools in the forest carbon cycle?
Atmosphere, living biomass, SOM
27
What are four fluxes in the forest carbon cycle?
Photosynthesis, trophic interactions, mortality/litterfall, respiration
28
What are three pools in the forest nitrogen cycle?
Atmosphere, living biomass, soil nitrogen
29
What are five fluxes in the forest nitrogen cycle?
Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilation, and ammonification
30
These forest trees have high nutrient needs and high uptake, and create nutrient-rich biomass/litter
Broadleaf trees
31
What types of soils result from broadleaf forests?
Fertile soils with high nutrient retention
32
These forest trees have low nutrient needs and low uptake, and create nutrient-poor litter and biomass
Conifer trees
33
What types of soils result from conifer trees?
Infertile soils with low nutrient retention
34
This experiment cleared a watershed of vegetation for 3 years and monitored stream water chemistry for the following decade
Hubbard Brook Experiment
35
This describes the temporal changes in species makeup for a community
Ecological succession
36
What are two qualities of changes in ecological succession?
Directional and repeatable
37
What are three stages of ecological succession?
Pioneer community, climax community, and seral stage (sere)
38
What is a pioneer community?
Initial assemblage of species
39
What are six qualities of pioneer species?
Good dispersers; Poor competitors; Fast growing; Small-bodied; Fast-maturing; Low shade tolerance
40
What is a climax community?
Final equilibrium species assemblage
41
Unless disturbed, a climax community is this
Stable
42
What are five qualities of climax species?
Poor dispersers; Good competitors; Slow growing; Large bodied; High shade tolerance
43
What is a seral stage (sere)
Intermediate or transitory stage of succession
44
This is a complete sequence of seres
Prisere
45
What are the two main types of succession?
Primary succession and secondary succession
46
In this type of succession, there are species changes on new substrates
Primary succession
47
These are three examples of primary succession substrates
Bare rock, sand dunes, and lava fields
48
Pioneer species are important for this process
Pedogenesis
49
What is the typical time scale for pedogenesis to climax?
100-1000 years
50
In this type of succession, there are species changes where disturbance has reset a sere to an earlier stage
Secondary succession
51
What are four examples of disturbance that lead to secondary succession?
Fire, flood, hurricane, land use
52
During early and mid stages, photosynthesis is greater than this process
Respiration
53
At climax, what is photosynthesis in relation to respiration?
Equal
54
During early/mid stages, what happens to total forest biomass?
Total forest biomass rises
55
At climax, what happens to total forest biomass
Total forest biomass stabilizes
56
This peaks during mid-succession and declines toward climax
GPP
57
This reaches equilibrium at climax
Biomass
58
During succession, this increases until it maximizes at climax
Nutrient retention
59
What four soil properties increase during secondary succession?
Soil depth; Soil nitrogen; Soil water, SOM
60
What three soil properties decrease during secondary succession?
Soil phosphorus; Soil pH; Bulk density of soil
61
In the Hubbard Brook Experiment, this led to recovery of nutrient retention
Revegetation
62
In the Hubbard Brook Experiment, how long did it take for nutrient exports to equal the control watershed?
3 years

Forest Ecology & Management (11 decks)

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